Thursday, February 28, 2019

English Olvier Twist essay Essay

ogre has a re eithery unmatched style he uses very descriptive language that contains a dole out of adjectives. He besides uses lists particularly when hes describing a limit in the following releases the features of dickens style atomic number 18 evident.What impressions does the ratifier summation of the nineteenth century in London?Dickens knew London very well and in Oliver twist he describes the London he knew. The disingenuous dodger takes Oliver to Fagins den through Londons streets. The reviewer gets the feeling of speed to attest this dickens uses a listThey get over from the angel into st Johns road struck down the small street which terminates at saddlers welis theatre.This sounds like directions for somebody who doesnt know where they are deprivation it creates a sense of speed. As Oliver looks around him he realises that he is in a poor, slum area dickens writeA dirtier or more wretched send off he had never seenAnd the air was impregnated with contaminat ing odours.By writing this Dickens gives the reader a feeling of what physique of disgusting area Oliver is travelling through. The explicate dirtier suggests that the area looks poor and indecent. The word wretched means that even the people who live there are unhappy. The word filthy gives an impression of a tactile propertyy odour. Dickens to a fault appeals to not just to the sense of sight but to the sense of smell too.How does dickens create an atmosphere of sadness at the start of chapter 18?At the start of chapter 18 Oliver is recaptured by Fagin again and locked up in his den. Dickens describes how Oliver is feeling at this point of time. Dickens writesAnd so Oliver remained all that day and for the greater part of many subsequent days.He uses repetition to describe the pasting of time so slowly for Oliver, he excessively uses an alliteration the terminology left and long also to show the pasting of time. At the end of the split dickens uses the word sad to describe O liver peevishness because the times passing by so slowly.Dickens then describes the room. He uses adjectives to show the astronomic, dirty and the darkness of the room. Dickens usesGreat high and largeTo describe how small Oliver feels walking the large doors. Dickens also uses the spoken languageBlack, neglect and dustTo show the dirtiness and darkness in the room. head rhyme has also been usedDismal and drearyThis describes the gloominess and the sadness in the room. These words have long symbols.Dickens then describes what its like for Oliver wrong roomSpiders had built their webs in the angles of the walls and ceilings.The quote describes the neglected house the analogous way as Oliver was. Dickens also uses the quote.The mice would scamper across the basis and run back terrified to their holes.This quote is similar to when Nancy used to show that her and Oliver were like br otherwise and sister. Oliver was terrified just like the mice when people entered the room.Dicken s starts his description of Oliver and Sikes journey to chirstey at dawn. The streets are quiet, dickens writesA hardly a(prenominal) country wagons were slowly toiling.Dickens uses toiling and slowly to show the railyard is slow. As the passage goes on the pace speeds up. Dickens shows the pace is speeding up by using a quote,other shops began to be unclosed and a few scattered people were met with.In the next paragraph the pace increases, Dickens lists all the people coming into LondonBy the end of this passage the streets become livelier, also at the end of this passage dickens uses alliteration a quote to show this isShoreditch, Smithfield, Sheets and Swelled.These words all begin with the letter S this shows the pace and movement. Dickens also uses the word roar this gives the reader an idea of what sort of sounds he hears.This carried on in the next few lines, Dickens writesSo into Smithfield from which the latter place a rose a trumult of unresolved sounds.Dickens uses the word discordant this means formitting out he also uses the word trumult, which means abuzz and bustle.The book Oliver Twist is a very different book compared to the other novels that Charles Dickens wrote. But in all his books he uses the same technique, which keeps the reader interested.

Role Of Health Care Organizations Health And Social Care Essay

Health Cargon tones. The function of health trouble g every attri aloneenments is re wholey of import in the over both health scenario of join verbalises. Health billing shapings argon dedicated to supply comprehensive health services to the longanimouss. These wellness wariness organisations provide the services of gear ups, nurses, search labs and so forth for the patient. However, it has been forecasted by galore(postnominal) scotch analysts that the wellness disbursals in linked carrys volition see a unceasing rush collectible to the deteriorating economic conditions and the increasing go for of uninsured pile. This has compellight-emitting diode the infirmaries and other health c be supplying units to restrict their disbursals to much(prenominal)(prenominal) an comp each(prenominal)owion that every citizen, conditions beget chargeing aesculapian indemnification or non, depart h quondam(a) the unveiling to shade health c atomic number 18. Th e restrain of disbursals besides affects the staffing of infirmaries and active of the infirmaries succeed the scheme of to a lower placestaffing of their para checkup staff ( Aiken et al. , 2002 Unruh, 2003 ) .The authorities of fall in States in rig to supply greater moderation and convenience to little reverences in the postu youthful is hungering programs and explicating policies to supply them wellness redresss which pull up stakes bear on up to 35 % of a company s indemnification premiums. With the offering of insurance increasing up to 59 % this yr the White Ho utilisation anticipates that over 4 gazillion pack will be able to take advant years of this agreeableness. further much the authorities intends to supply full r stock-stillue enhancement recognition will be provided to employers who confound work displume of less than 10 employees who pass less than $ 25,000 per annum. In add-on to this the disposal is besides looking forwards towards the retainm ent of grandfa at that placed wellness insurance programs as it will supply employers the unsusceptibility from original cardinal passs.However on the impudent side little subscriber line communities and National Federation of In babe equal Business has already created an confederation to campaign and turn over the jurisprudence which they claim does non supply them equal alleviation and convenience. Most of them say that the eligibility standards awaylined by the authorities is so compress that some employees will merely be barred from these insurance commissariats. numerous people have started traveling towards cheaper insurance programs by means of which their monthly insurance premium payments will cut down. Already 20 dutys have get together custodies to oppose the jurisprudence that the Obama disposal intends to proclaim.Experts besides suggest that preparation of such Torahs will work adversely for the Democrats in the approaching midterm elections as it provides a comprehendible manifestation of their incompetency and indifference towards an built-in firmament of the state.Forces of vicissitude in US Health attendance transcriptionThe wellness charge state of affairs of fall in States of America is neutering at a rapid footstep. some(prenominal) tendencies combined over the last fewer decennaries to make greater wellness assist unfairnesss. Both Medicaid and Medicare, for illustration, contri more(prenominal) than(prenominal)overed to aggressively lifting medical exam cost because they required responsibleness authoritiess to repay infirmaries and doctors at reasonable degrees refractory by wellness caution suppliers. Predictably, reimbursement was really generous and disbursals grew rapidly. Such skyrocketing medical cost, combined with the general lethargy of the economic organisation adorn wellness concern out of range for some Ameri bunss. The loss of 1000000s of occupations during the recent economic nuclear melt down added to the turning figure of people without medical insurance. The staying occupations matureively nonunion, portion coif places in the services vault of heaven offered few, if any wellness goods.The promotion and fraud of engineering in the field of medical scientific tick has substantiate ample blessings on world. New medical specialties emerged mundane to extenuate a figure of diseases. Pharmaceutical and biomedical companies work indefatigably to rebel medical specialties for such diseases, which considered as incurable in the past want malignant neoplastic disease ( Vastag, 1998 ) . linked States is one of the intimately medically advanced states of the universe. Anybody who can make or h ageing the proper health care coverage has accession to the vanquish procurable medical engineering ( Bodenheimer, 2006 ) . Translating saucily-fangled engineering into designing resulted greater per capita health care outgo ( Bodenheimer, 2005 ) . Thus engineering and innovation in the medical field is an of import dirt for wellness management outgo ( Cutler & A McClellan, 2001 ) .Harmonizing to the US Bureau of the Census, the flyingest turning ramify of the creation in 1990 was grownups and superiors. In the twelvemonth 2000, 36 per centum of the population of the coupled States was over 45 old ages old, as compared to 30.8 per centum in this class in 1980. rather of being youth-oriented in the hereafter, the United States will go a senior orientated civilization. Health disbursals of a individual increases as his or her age step-ups. However, experts believe that the factor of aging population contributes really atrophied in the addition of wellness direction outgo ( Orszag, 2008 ) .Harmonizing to the nurtures provided by agreement for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , in the twelvemonth 2003 United States spends most 7.3 per centum of its immaculate wellness concern outgo on administrative and insurance c ost as compared to Canada which spends merely 2.6 % on administrative and insurance costs ( Schoen & A How, 2003 ) . Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMS ) have besides performed some surveies which show that United States administrative cost for wellness insurance was 14.3 % of its correct wellness attendance outgo in 2005 ( Centers for Medicare & A Medicaid Services, 2005 ) .Although the alteration of US healthcare scene is non confine to these factors merely but they are some of the major subscribers for the continuously altering healthcare scene.Need for Health and Well ProgramThe first doubtfulness that pops in head before projecting a wellness and health propose for a private toilet is to understand the necessity collectible(p) to which such a plan is being incepted. By inventing the learn and grounds for the plan any corporation can broadsheet the full issue in greater item and penetration.Furthermore different complications that can be encountered du ring the class of the full plan can be analyzed in progress and prior to the launching of the plan and out of all these outstanding characteristics it is most of import to happen out a valid ground which can legalize and warrant the demand of such a plan. There are really two dimensions through which we can happen a shrewd account for such wellness and health plans.The grounds can be biological every identification number good as accommodate technical involvements. Biological grounds include the inauspicious effects of work clot on employee wellness which has become a prima cause of go for people who develop marks and symptoms of diseases like malignant neoplastic disease, hide onslaught and shot. Due to work emphasis and huge burden many an(prenominal) employees in their several corporations besides develop the wont of smoke.Harmonizing to statistics that were published in 2004 edition of American medical examination Journal it was estimated that smoking in the twelvemonth 2000 killed over 435,000 which surged from 400,000 in the twelvemonth 1990. Most of the victims of smoking included people from different corporations who engaged in this harmful and deadly wont due to the work lading that they encountered in their corporations. Another really major ground which farther aggravated the demand of wellness plans from organisations included the increasing dictate of fleshiness threat. One of the grounds that were held accountable for fleshiness included wishing of physical activity and vigorous exercising since most of the clip in organisations is spend in straw man of computing railroad cars either making dominance work or playing video games on computing machine placements. ( Nichols, 2007 )In add-on to this the quickly progressively and booming concern of fast nutrient ironss through which people can easy buy and assenting nutrient has besides turn out as an effectual barrier in lending any benefit to their already anaemic province of wellnes s. It is a clearly understood that a squad of people who is excessively drawn and fatigued to transport his or her ain weight can non peradventure afford or manage the duties and load of the work that his or her corporation provides him with and the progressively competitory environment of modern-day corporate industry does non let any topographic point to employees who can non get the better of their fatigue or fleshiness syndrome.This really ground links itself to the fact where organisations in the aftermath of researching their corporate societal duties launch plans that cater to the wellness and health of their employees under organisational conditions. Organizations and different corporations in the thick of detecting a late component of marketing through the CSR factor provided their employees with the inducement of originating wellness and health plans for them through which they were successfully able to heighten their degree of trust and watch among their employees a nd besides boosted their humans dealingss by supplying a wholly new run in order to elate their jut out in forepart of people. Hence the corporate involvements of employees every bit good as of employers led to the origin of the wellness and health plans at an organisational degree. ( Health and Wellness, 2010 )Current jobs and monetary defects in the US wellness systemUnited States Health direction plan helps the older and the vile citizens of the United States. The authorities of United States spends closely Eighteen per centum of its GDP in its health care plan, which is upliftedest as compared to the Health caution Systems of other states ( Danzon ) . It is besides to be noted that United States is the lone state, among the actual states, which have about 15 percent population without any medical coverage. Other developed states, on norm, spend 9 per centum of their GDP on wellness caution ( OECD, 2006 ) . Switzerland is at 2nd topographic point in wellness solicitude disbursement which is $ 4177 per individual. Other industrialised states are non highly more than $ 3200 per individualUnlike other postwar industrialized states, the United States has moved really easy toward comprehensive wellness attention for all citizens. In 1965, Congress constituted the Medicare plan to function the aged and handicapped, and Medicaid to take to heart the hapless and institutionalised. For the most portion, nevertheless, United States health care plan has dependent on nongovernmental plans. Peoples have had to happen their ain, private beginning of wellness attention. spell this system suit our free-market economic theoretical account and has provided the universe s finest medical intervention to insured patients, it has besides meant that a big figure of Americans have had hapless entree to wellness attention.Although United States is one of the states, which spends luck of money in health care but the consequences are non perspicuous either in America ns satisfaction with their wellness attention system or in their wellness. Consequences are unsatisfactory in infant endurance, the length and quality of flavor, and entree to wellness attention, peculiarly for hapless people, and communities of colour. The United States has met merely about 15 per centum of the aims set by Healthy People 2000. While forward motion has been made toward the aims in another 44 per centum, Americans wellness has really deteriorated for just about 20 per centum of the aims ( e.g. , fleshiness, physical activity, coffin nail usage among striplings ) ( NCHS 1997, p. 2 ) .United States has experienced steady addition in the wellness attention costs for the last 2 to 3 decennaries. In the decennary of 1980s, US uptake on wellness attention was $ 253 billion which has change magnitude to $ 714 billion in the decennary of 1990s. Soon, US health care outgo is more than $ 2.7 meg ( Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2010 ) . US spend about $ 7 , 681 per occupant which is about 18 per centum of the entire Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) of the state. It is expected that by the twelvemonth 2015 US wellness attention disbursement will make $ 4 one thousand thousand and supply to 20 % of the entire GDPThe statistics have proved that 60 to 70 per centum of the entire wellness attention outgo of United States is consumed by the 10 per centum of the population. This 10 per centum of population which generates most wellness attention costs are either suffered from chronic disease, disabled or hapless. The succeeding(prenominal) figure shows the five costliest wellness conditions that cost United States most out of pocket costs.Actually talking, United States does non supply a coherent patient-centered attention for the above mentioned minority group which is one the factors of general addition in the wellness attention outgo ( Ayanian et. al. , 2000 ) .Harmonizing to the Institute of euphony, the quality of attention is the commemorate to which wellness services for persons and populations increase the likeliness of coveted wellness results and are consistent with modern paid cognition ( Institute of Medicine, 1990 ) .But at the same clip this plan is besides blamed, for the bounds of its range in supplying wellness insurance to the hapless, its ties to the usual assistance system and image jobs, its fluctuations across States, and the financial loads imposed on Federal and State budgets as the plan has grown in range and disbursement ( Rowland, 1995 pg. 272 ) .United States wellness attention system, being a immense system, has besides established inefficiency which proves to be a barrier to the initiation of this $ 2.7 trillion industry. This inefficiency, despite all the mechanization and technological inventions, consequences the loss of $ 300 billion, i.e. 15 cents per dollar fatigued on wellness attentionThe figure of uninsured is continuously lifting due to several factors. These uninsur ed people are really likely to live without proper wellness coverage because of the turning load of wellness attention ( Institute of Medicine, 2002 ) .As consumers are fighting to get by with the attach out-of-pocket liabilities, the suppliers are seeking to better their falling grosss by revamping their concern processes to diminish the turning bad debt and to better pull off the payments from the consumers. A common perceptual experience is that consumers are unwilling to pay for their wellness attention outgo. However, the study, conducted by McKinsey quarterly, suggested that consumers are normally willing to pay but the charge system inefficiencies, deficiency of funding options and consumer s confusion are the chief grounds of non payment ( Finn, Pellathy and Singhal, 2009 ) .It is pertinent to province the role of healthcare Financial Management Association, In many ways, the state s current health care payment system blocks, instead than supports, the state s wellness ends The system does non efficaciously reward health or high quality. The system does non promote social benefit such as entree to care. And the system creates fiscal instability by adding cost and complexness to wellness disposal, by honoring high-cost patterns, and by concentrating on expensive sickness-focused intercessions instead than health. ( Healthcare Financial Management Association, 2008 ) .Stakeholders in Health attention organisationThe uninterrupted alterations in the health care field have wholly changed the position of infirmaries and wellness attention organisations and they are now acted more like a concern venture than a societal service organisation ( Shortell, Morrison & A Robbins, 1985 ) . This new altering environment has compelled the disposal of wellness attention organisation to take all the concerns of the stakeholders earnestly and now stakeholders are act uponing the individual(prenominal) businesss of wellness attention organizations whether it belo ng to disposal, fiscal or quality attention issues ( Blair & A Fottler, 1990 ) . Although the stakeholders are the same for both non-profit-making and for net income wellness organisations however, their power and influence is different depending on the construction of the wellness attention organisation ( Kralewski, Gifford & A Porter, 1988 ) . Although there are legion groups of stakeholders, but harmonizing to a survey ( Fottler et al. , 1989 ) , the undermentioned five are the most influential and powerful.1. Medical Staff2. Patients3. Hospital Management4. Professional Staff5. Board of TrusteesThe penchants of all these stakeholders are different. Medical and Professional staff stress more on quality of wellness attention provided to the patients. Patients are besides concerned about the service and clinical quality but cost of the quality wellness attention is besides one of their major concerns. Hospital direction focuses on the leading, profitableness and cost containmen t of health care services. Board of legal guardians who have the reins of control of overall infirmary direction attention largely for the profitableness, repair watercourse of hard currency flow and effectual and efficient use of resources. The disposal and executives of wellness attention organisations normally formulate attempt to contrive a scheme which satisfy all the stakeholders because they have overlapping ends and involvements ( Counte, 1995 ) . good word for how best wellness attention could be delivered1. Determine the gross beginnings available for subsidising the wellness attention coverage farther with a end to cover all the Americans in wellness attention insurance cyberspace as all the above treatment show there are 1000000s of uninsured people in America which prove to be an tremendous load on the economic system of United States. There is a demand to cover as many people as possible under wellness attention insurance by mobilising the bing gross beginnings every bit good as by making new resources like tax baccy, cresting the revenue enhancement exclusion of employer based wellness insurance etc.2. Create, in order to pool hazards, insurances exchanges at province or regional footing. Such exchanges will be good for those Americans besides who do non take part in employer-based or other group insurance installations.3. render a climb on with representation of all the stakeholders of wellness attention system. This board determines and updates the wellness attention benefit bundle of United States citizens through province or regional degree insurance exchanges.Challenges for infirmariesIt has been estimated that mean cost of a trial is within the scope of $ 200 to $ 400, accompanied with the medical charges of the concerned physician which are $ 10 to $ 15 and if the posture is much serious, which is a usual instance with chronic infections, the cost is above $ 300. It has been forecasted by many economic analysts that the wellness dis bursals in United States will see a uninterrupted rush due to the deteriorating economic conditions which has sidelined companies to supply any crystallize of medical benefit to their employees, authorities institutional wellness reform programs is non leaden any fruit and private sphere seems excessively intimidated to keep in line anything that in the long tally erodes its credibleness.Furthermore, the load of the 47 one thousand million uninsured people of the state is being sustained on the disbursal of the 253.4 million people that have medical insurance as disclosed by the statistics released by Census Bureau. Harmonizing to analysts the misdirection and the huge pandemonium occupying the wellness sector in the United States is chiefly an result of unprofessional behavior and a manifestation of utmost carelessness in the allotment of fiscal resources which has resulted in an instability between the end product and input being generated by the sector. At present the end pro duct easy surpasses the input and if concrete stairss are non taken to decide the job, the ensuing effects will be badly inauspicious and irrevokable.Clinical attention of patients are become more and more ambitious with the transition of clip. At the same clip infirmaries face troubles in supplying quality wellness attention service in present economic status. In the twelvemonth 2000, harmonizing to American Hospital Association, 1 out of 3 infirmaries showed losingss, 58 % have negative borders on Medicare patients and 73 % reported loss in handling Medicaid patients ( American Hospital Association, 2002 ) . desex s OrganizationLike others in concern, doctors must vie for paying patients. Doctors are no longer in short supply, except in urban slums and remote rural countries, and find themselves in a buyer s market. Besides they frequently enter pattern with medical domesticate debts of 100s of 1000s of dollars. All this force per unit area conflicts with the doctor s profession al moralss to urge medical service to patients without seeking to maximum fees. Agreements with makers of medical merchandises and drugs whitethorn honor doctors for ordering or urging merchandises that are more expensive. Doctors qualification direct patient to wellness attention installations, such as research labs, convalescent places, in which they are fiscal involvement.The function and duty of doctor s organisation is to set up, Performance measuresif done righthave possible to measure physician normal presentation, better the quality of patient attention, heighten the coordination and direction of attention, and reward doctors who meet or exceed the benchmarks set by public presentation steps. However, if utilize in a bureaucratic, arbitrary, or punitory mode, public presentation measuring can impede quality and injury patient attention, undermine the physicianpatient relationship, and cause physician defeat and calling dissatisfaction ( ACF, 2004 ) . In the new system, p ayments should depend on the efficient bringing of quality wellness attention services which leads towards the betterment of the overall status of the patients.Role of breast feeding OrganizationNurses provide attention, non merely for physical unwellness, but besides for emotional, mental, societal and ghostly jobs to guarantee the complete healing of the patient ( Donabedian, 1988 ) . In the last snow nursing has made a phenomenal accomplishment that it has led to the consultation of nursing as a profession and a separate educational subject. Contemporary nursing is now more meaningful and important because of theoretical pattern which shifted nursing s focal point from career to an nonionised profession. It was research and surmise together which produced nursing scientific discipline. Nursing theory fundamentally suggests that nursing should be given professional instruction during which they will analyze a aggregation of interrelated topics which will be applied in their pattern. The cognition may be derived from experimental acquisition or formal beginnings such as nursing beginnings or nursing research. Nursing is a scientific discipline affecting many people environment and procedure in the context of health care.It is the duty of nursing organisation to guarantee that all wellness attention organisations may hold a sufficient PTN ratio. Overburdened nurses increase the chance of foetal mistake adventure and diminish the labour cost economy. Statisticss revealed that traveling from 61 to 71 costs 1.4 extra lives lost per 1000 admittances. There are 38 million infirmary admittances per twelvemonth in the United States ( agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2002 ) , therefore, little addition in PTN ratio, i.e. 71 to 61, may ensue in significant figure of lives saved.progress in Clinical Support ServicesThe American wellness attention system provides first-class intervention for insured patients, but many people have hapless entree to the system, and unfairnesss have late increased due to many factors. The free market fire is seemly non an attack that could be used in a wellness attention system when there is non the engagement of all parties, such as those that are uninsured. It has been reported that the 47 million uninsured Americans without wellness insurance are mostly borne by those with insurance.The undermentioned betterments are recommended in clinical support services Rewards the invention in efficient bringing of wellness attention take a shit a well-and firmly funded entity which continuously perform research on efficiency and effectiveness of drugs, wellness attention devices, diagnosing and procedures and processs of wellness attention Federal and State Torahs must be made more consistent and rational Establish Information engine room substructure in wellness attention in order to ease informations exchange Create a National wellness attention database which will be available to all the stakeholders and research workers friendly and Economic footing for the growing of the Uninsured in AmericaSeveral tendencies combined over the last few decennaries to make greater wellness attention unfairnesss. Both Medicaid and Medicare, for illustration, contributed to aggressively lifting medical costs because they required province authoritiess to reimburse infirmaries and doctors at reasonable degrees determined by wellness attention suppliers. Predictably, reimbursement was really generous and disbursals grew rapidly. Such skyrocketing medical costs, combined with the general lethargy of the economic system put wellness attention out of range for many Americans. The loss of 1000000s of occupations during the recent economic meltdown added to the turning figure of people without medical insurance. The staying occupations progressively nonunion, portion clip places in the services sector offered few, if any wellness benefits.The Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ( AIDS ) epidemic put an added load on the US wellness attention system. The disease claimed over 80, 000 lives up to 1990. Many of these patients are unemployed, and lack medical insurance, and have unmet demands beyond wellness attention, including guidance services, lodging, and transit. As the disease spreads, the costs of research, intervention, and lost productivity add up to one million millions of dollars each twelvemonth.For these grounds force per unit area grew for wellness attention reforms in United States. Harmonizing to a study of Institute of Medicine, the future wellness policy must place further the of import maps of the policy, i.e. service, policy development and appraisal. These would besides better the overall quality of different state-owned pioneers. A panel from the platform of Institute of Medicine gave the undermentioned recommendationsthat every populace wellness bureau on a regular basis and consistently roll up, assemble, analyze, and do available information on the welln ess of the community, including statistics on wellness position, community wellness demands, and epidemiologic and other surveies of wellness jobs That the public wellness responsibilities of provinces should include appraisal of demands in the province based on informations aggregation confidence of an equal statutory base for wellness activities constitution of statewide wellness aims confidence of enchant organized statewide attempt to develop and keep indispensable wellness services ( Institute of Medicine, 1988 ) .Reasons for addition in wellness attention costsThe steady addition of healthcare outgo coupled with the present meandering(a) economic meltdown and lifting federal shortage makes it really dashing undertaking for United States to finance the wellness attention outgo either through private employers wellness insurance coverage or through public plans like Medicare and Medicaid. This has besides compelled the wellness insurance companies to increase their welln ess insurance premium rate. Now the household premium of employer-sponsored wellness insurance has increased by 131 per centum since 1999 ( Kaiser Family Foundation and Health Research and Educational Trust, 2009 ) .Public plans like Medicare and Medicaid portion a major ball of entire wellness attention outgo duty but they failed to increase their per capita disbursement with the same gait as private insurance companies do, i.e. 6.8 against 7.1 per centum between the spot 1998 to 2008 ( Altman, Levitt and Claxton, 2010 ) .Invention and TechnologyThe promotion and invention of engineering in the field of medical scientific discipline has confirmed huge blessings on world. It draws the line between the old epoch and the modern epoch of brightness, between human retardation and advancement, between the life of wretchednesss and the era of felicity and cognition, between work forces s wild beliefs and scientific enquiry and research.The present epoch is the period of rapid alteration and inventions. New medical specialties emerged mundane to extenuate a figure of diseases. These medical specialties cut down the opportunities of coronary arteria disease, coronary artery disease, and rapper onslaught etc. Pharmaceutical and biomedical companies work indefatigably to develop medical specialties for such diseases, which considered as incurable in the past like Cancer ( Vastag, 1998 ) .Biomedical companies besides working on different vaccinums to extinguish diseases like Hepatitis C, which leads to chronic infections and liver failures ( Stratton et al. , 1999 ) . Similarly Curative vaccinum is best for forestalling malignant neoplastic diseases in general and vaccinum for papilloma virus is supposed to forestall malignant neoplastic diseases of neck in peculiar.AgingHarmonizing to the US Bureau of the Census, the fastest turning section of the population in 1990 was grownups and seniors. In the twelvemonth 2000, 36 per centum of the population of the United Stat es was over 45 old ages old, as compared to 30.8 per centum in this class in 1980. Alternatively of being youth-oriented in the hereafter, the United States will go a senior orientated civilization ( Way, 2000 ) .It has been estimated that merely 50 % of the citizens under the age hold of 55 to 64 old ages are in work in developing states as compared to 75 % of 25 to 54 old ages old and this per centum shrinks further in EU states, i.e. merely 39 % . It is besides estimated that aging population of United States will turn about 80 per centum during the period of 2000 to 2025 ( U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 ) .Health disbursals of a individual increases as his or her age additions. However, experts believe that the factor of aging population contributes really small in the addition of wellness attention outgo ( Orszag, 2008 ) .DecisionPeoples cope with life s uncertainnesss, particularly mortality and disease, utilizing medical specialty. Medical scientific discipline uses non a sacred b ut a profane attack practical application with the ordinary, platitude and layman. The hapless suffer more wellness jobs than the remainder of the decree as a consequence of low quality wellness attention, more life emphasiss, and fewer get bying resources.Functionalists claim that the wellness attention makeup helps keep a strong work force, but conflict theoreticians signal that it has historically shifted the incrimination for sick wellness from the environment to the laden hapless and through medicalization has extended its control over of all time more parts of society. Even today, medical scientific discipline focal points on the person s duties for illness instead than societal causes. The capitalist system causes the wellness jobs, but uses the medical establishments to get away incrimination and even net income from them. Suggested options include more authorities intercession and greater consumer instruction.The American wellness attention system provides first-class i ntervention for insured patients, but many people have hapless entree to the system, and unfairnesss have late increased due to many factors. This has promoted calls for reforms, including free, cosmopolitan wellness attention which most other modern states offer to their citizens. Many of these states, nevertheless, have retreated from socialise medical specialty because of lifting cost and increasing consumer demands.The free market attack is seemly non an attack that could be used in a wellness attention system when there is non the engagement of all parties, such as those that are uninsured. It has been reported that the 47 million uninsured Americans without wellness insurance are mostly borne by those with insurance.There is a measure of 2.7 trillion yearly for the cost of attention on United States economic system to care for the uninsured and about three 4th of this is paid by the Federal, State and local authoritiess through a assortment of destitute attention payments. Th e extra disbursals is push away on to the private sector. There are 299 million people in the United States in 2007 and out of that sum there is about 253.4 million that have wellness insurance ( Cover, 2009 ) . The huge bulk of those 202 million had private wellness insurance, harmonizing to the Census Bureau and those Numberss doubled as of 2009.Numerous factors combined together to make unfairnesss in United States wellness attention system. State and Federal authorities have to reimburse the wellness attention disbursals of people through Medicare, Medicaid and other authorities sponsored plans munificently which grew at a rapid gait due to the crisp addition in wellness attention cost.The present glooming economic status of United States, loss of 1000000s of occupations increased the figure of uninsured people and added more load on the already bowed down shoulders of US Government. In such a state of affairs, it seems instead, farfetched that US authorities will go on to bear wellness attention disbursal of the uninsured and underinsured people. The continuously increasing fiscal liability of supplying wellness attention services to the uninsured proved to be a hinderance which does non let the system to work decently and an hindrance to supply the wellness attention benefit to the meriting portion of the society.

Wednesday, February 27, 2019

American Jail Systems

The American jail ashes is said to be one of the almost overcrowded in the world roundthing that hampers the rehabilitation process of the off displaceers. Due to this fact, managing jails pay back befit an uphill task. The American disposal in trying to make these systems to be effective has come up with a plan of building much than than prisons and jails but this has in addition proven to be ineffective. For this reason, this system incarcerating offenders has greatly been criticized. It is nit the trump out way of controlling crime infact, in that location is non any say that proves that is so.Beca give of this it should be replaced with new(prenominal) choice methods such as community service, parole, dying penalty and putting them in rehabilitation institutions such as probation schools. fit to a report that was released by the Bureau for Justice Statistics revealed that in US, the human body of prisoners has almost doubled recently and this has been witnessed even in the past period. For typesetters case in 1996, there was an outgrowth in the offspring of inmates in fall in States by 55,900 criminals and by the end of that year the carrying capacity was already exceeded by 16-24 percent.The most affected prisons were the federal ones which had a 25 percent increase of inmates. Today despite the fact that the US government has constructed more and more prisons the puzzle still persists as the jails argon still overcrowded. There ar d kindles that argon associated with overcrowding and some of these argon escape attempts increase, the states budget is further strained, the prisons survive understaffed this is because the inmates staff ratio goes down as the number of prisoners exceed that of the staff.Overcrowding in prisons leads to the release of unhabilitated dangerous criminals before their due period is over. This causes these criminals to discharge to be recidivists for they atomic number 18 released before they have comp leted their jail term. (Romano J. 1991) This problem has a domino effect on another(prenominal) government sectors for utilization the tax payers become overburdened with taxes so that the government can suffer the need of those imprisoned though they are considered as social misfits and unless this money could be utilize in other sectors that of the government that are in dire need of financial assistance.These are institutions such as hospitals, schools, libraries and parks that are in dire need of assistance. The government spends a lot of money in building more jails in an private road to addreticuloendothelial systems the issue of overcrowding for example in 1992 it spent 94 US Dollars on civil and criminal justice. (Cornell, G. December 1, 1990) This domino effect results because when overcrowding becomes a common thing, the effectiveness in correcting the behaviors of the offenders goes down. Many people repeat the selfsame(p)(prenominal) mistakes and end up in the sa me jails.This tends to overburdening of the prosecutors, juries, public defendants and other support agencies. The overburdening of cases leads results to commitment of serious mistakes in the judicial execution process something that causes dissatisfaction, anger and tension to the citizens. In overturn, this results to them committing even more crimes. The overcrowding problem in the uni9ted States is caused by the high rate of recidivism which is caused by ineffectiveness of the jail systems. There are various correctional methods that if used then 5the rate of recidivism would scaled down.This could be achieved if and only if the issue of overcrowding is properly turn to and this cannot be solved by building more prisons and jails as this has already proved not to be effective in the past. The best way forward is to use other alternate(a) correctional methods such as community service, fines, parole, counseling the offenders, use of more harsh penalisations and finally use o f capital sentence punishment rather than life sentence. I believe the future of reforming criminals lies with other alternative methods but not in internments.One effective method that should be used is assigning offenders to the community service. If some of the offenders who are taken to the prisons and yet they have not committed some serious crimes are given some work to do in the society, the rate of overcrowding in the prisons would be reduced. This is ground on the fact that some offenders who are convicted with very minor charges end up in jails and that is why in US today there are about two million people in jails and this number keeps increasing.By assigning offenders to community service will not only economic aid the government in resolving the problem of overcrowding but will in addition help in cutting the cost it spends on hiring people to work in hospitals, cleaning streets and slashing grass on the compound. This would be dependable in that these offenders wo uld do that work there by helping the government to save some money. Another method is use of parole. This is a system where by the first offenders who are convicted of committing small mistakes instead of them being jailed, they are released on condition that they would not repeat the same mistakes.Though they are released they are closely monitor lizarded by the government officials who are assigned to them just to monitor their moves. If it is noted that they are not keeping the promise, then they should be arrested and imprisoned. (Marek M. K. 2004). The other method that should be used as an alternative method to incarceration would be the use of capital sentence as opposed to the circulating(prenominal) system of life sentence. Most states in the United States do not advocate for capital sentence but if other methods have proved not to be ineffective then it should be used as the last option.The prison statutes should be amended to allow die grievous criminals such as rob bers, rapists, murders and terrorists to be executed. If this is implemented then the current stand would be solved for once and for all. Se of death sentence would be like killing two birds with one stone at the same time as the government would cut the cost that it spends on maintaining these prisoners would be reduced. Still another method that should be used as an alternative to incarceration is the use of fines.Offenders who are convicted of committing less serious crimes should instead of being incarcerated be fined heavily. This would address the problem of overcrowding and at the same time dissuade crimes. This is why the Hudson County has introduced use of fines as an effective means of collecting revenues as the traditional methods have proved to be ineffective. (Romano J. 1991) Counseling of offenders would also be an effective method of reducing overcrowding in the United States prisons. This method would also address the problem of recidivism.When the offenders are pr operly counseled they get reformed and the prospects of them iterate the same mistakes are reduced for many turn to crimes due to being frustrated in life. Indeed the American jail system has failed in correcting the behaviors of the offenders. These people are released when they are halfway reformed and that is why they turn to be recidivists. There are other alternative methods that are more effective than incarcerating prisoners that should be applied. If these are applied, then the problem of overcrowding and of recidivism would be addressed and the crime prevalence would go down.Reference Cornell, G. December 1, 1990. Rehabilitation Statistics Study on Effectiveness of Prison Ministries. The Wilson Daily Times. Accessed on Saturday, April 26, 2008 at http//www. prisonministry. org/stats. htm Marek M. K. 2004. Games Prisoners Play. Princeton University Press. Romano J. October 27, 1991. County Uses New tactical manoeuvre On Criminals Unpaid Fines. New York Times. Accessed on S aturday, April 26, 2008 at http//query. nytimes. com/gst/fullpage. html? res=9D0CE7D8113DF934A15753C1 A967958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all

Leadership Through Followership: Examining the Life of Edith Cavell

Leadership through Followership Examining the Life of Edith Cavell During her final hours in the clutches of the German forces during the First foundation War, Edith Louisa Cavell summarized her lifes drop dead with the famous quote, I realize that patriotism is non enough I must have no hatred or bitterness towards any angiotensin-converting enzyme. These delivery capture not totally the spirit of who Edith Cavell was and what she stood for they embody the very content of what it means to be a nurse. Theorists and scholars alike have stated that the mettle comp onent of the treat profession is caring.To Edith Cavell, caring k bracing no boundaries, and thus, neither did her nursing expertise. eyepatch it is correct to view Edith Cavell and her heroic actions during her life through the lens of leadership, one would be remiss should they choose to ignore the contributions she made to nursing and her state of matter by universe an exemplary follower. This essay bequeat h short explore the life of Edith Cavell and demonstrate how her actions and face-to-face characteristics contributed to her world power to be an efficient follower and thus, a visionary leader. BackgroundEdith Louisa Cavell was born on declination 4th, 1865, in Swardeston parish in the county of Norfolk in Eastern England. She was raised in a ho physical exercisehold comprised of strict Anglican beliefs enforced by her father, Reverend Frederick Cavell. It has been create verbally that no books were allowed in the house except for the bible. Her dev push through religious creed would prove to be the guiding force behind her charity during her life. She began to check off as a nurse in 1900 at the age of cardinal at the London Hospital. Seven years later, she was recruited to become the matron of Berkendael Medical name in Brussels, Belgium.Not impressed with the current state of nursing in Belgium at the time, she sought to improve standards and regulate certain elements of practice by becoming an influential nurse educator. After the eruption of the First World War in 1914, Cavell vacated her again-home of England and returned to Belgium to resume her position as matron of the Berkendael Medical Institute, which had been reborn by the Red amaze into a military hospital allowing the discourse of twain German and Allied soldiers (Duffy, 2011). Despite Belgiums declared neutrality, the country was promptly invaded and occupied by strict German forces.Cavell, knowing the intact dangers of war, retained her post and act to treat the sick and wounded. Knowing that many a(prenominal) other(prenominal) British soldiers were now trapped in German-occupied Belgium, her efforts were soon directed at assisting surrounded these British soldiers in their return to England. Cavell was after responsible for the safe removal of over 200 Allied soldiers from Belgium betwixt 1914 and 1915. She provided shelter in safe houses, as well as dishonest identifica tion papers and guides out of the country.Unfortunately, she came under suspicion by the German military. This was not helped by her outspoken views on the perceived injustice of the German communication channel (Tejvan, 2010). Cavell was apprehended by German authorities and eventually succumbed to interrogations. She was aerated with treason and timed to death. Worldwide condemnation of the verdict (and the fact that she treated German and Allied soldiers indiscriminately) did little to detour the German militarys decision. eroding a nursing uniform, Edith Cavell was executed by firing squad on the morning of Oct. 2, 1915. Global outrage ensued shortly thereafter. American and British mourners were particularly sensitive towards Cavells unjust execution it ignited anti-German sentiment from both Americans and the British, serving as the catalyst for worldwide press coverage benevolent towards the United States and Britains forthcoming war effort (Fee & Roth, 2010, pp. 1865-186 6). Followership Behaviour The concepts of leadership and chasehip are deeply intertwined (Grayson & Speckhart). Edith Cavells traits as a follower allowed her to be an strong leader.The term follower is open to subjective interpretation, yet one particularly helpful exposition is an individual that follows the teachings and/or opinions of another (Merriam-Webster, 2011). Grossman and Valiga have save expanded on the word follower and have coined the term utile follower (2009, p. 41). In contrast to the above definition, the effective follower functions independently, thinks critically about ideas that are proposed or directions that are notifyed, and is actively involved (Grossman & Valiga, 2009, p. 1).They progress suggest that effective followers have six common characteristics overly possessed by effective leaders assertiveness, determination, courage, an ability to act as a change gene, openness to new ideas and willingness to challenge ideas, and a willingness to coi ffe (2009, p. 44). Edith Cavell displayed all of the above traits at one point or another during her lifetime which suggests she was an effective follower, and therefore, an effective leader. Edith Cavell was assertive, determined, and courageous.In defiance of the Red Crosss code of non-military involvement (2011) as well as German military code of conduct, she continued to smuggle British men out of occupied Belgium despite knowing in full that a sentence of death by court martial was the penalty. Upon capture and interrogation by the German military, she confessed in full to her alleged crimes of treason, a testament to not only her courageous nature but her rigid abidance to her values. She continued to serve her country despite knowing it could possibly end in her demise.On a less dramatic note, she was a proponent of change magnitude the value placed on not only nurses but women in general. Doing this during a time when womens issues were considered less important than mens r equired ample courage. This is also consistent with the sideline point. Edith Cavell demo effective followership behaviour (thus effective leadership behaviour) by being open to new ideas, possessing a willingness to challenge ideas, and acting as a change gene (Grossman & Valiga, p. 44).Her willingness to challenge ideas was demonstrated by her public protest of the German occupation of Belgium and distain of German treatment of Allied soldiers. She acted as a change agent by inventing ways to smuggle Allied soldiers out of the country. Cavell also demonstrated these three behaviours during her stint as matron for the Berkendael Medical Institute. As described previously, she was unaffected with what were current nursing standards in Brussels. For example, she instituted the practice of follow-up home visits for patients following discharge (Ryder, 1975).Cavell hypothesized that this would prevent readmissions, which indeed it did. It can also be verbalise that Cavell was a fo reword thinker on her views on gender. She was once quoted as saying, The old idea that it is a disgrace for women to work is still held in Belgium and women of good birth and education still they think lose status by earning their own living, suggesting that even in the early portion of the twentieth century, Edith Cavell believed the notion of women being excluded from the workforce was antiquated. Lastly, Cavell possessed a willingness to serve (Grossman & Valiga, 2009, p. 4).Grossman and Valiga suggest that loyalty is one trait commonly held by effective followers (2009, p. 44-45). Cavell was loyal and served in dickens ways. First, she was extremely religious. As mentioned prior, she was raised in a strict Anglican household under the supervision of her diplomatic minister father, and thus was loyal to the teachings of Christianity. There exist two key elements inherently rooted in any religion followership and caring. If one abides by the definition of followership stated pr ior then individuals practicing a religion, as was Edith Cavell, are followers. sensation of the core messages common to all biblical scripture, regardless of the chosen religion, is one of caring for other people and creating nurturing environments. Cavells selflessness was ultimately spurred on by her unwavering commitment and loyalty to the teachings of her religion. To demonstrate her faith, it has been said that during the two weeks she spent in solitary confinement prior to her execution the only books she requested were the Holy Bible and The Imitation of Christ, a medieval loudness of meditations that emphasizes self-abnegation and suffering (Shaddox, 1999, p. ).Second, she had a willingness to serve her country. In addition to being a darling Christian, Cavell was a dedicated patriot. She possessed a fill in and devotion for Great Britain rivalled by few. This was demonstrated by her loyalty to her country of origin even in the face of formidable danger. It is interesti ng to note that this nose out of patriotism was seemingly abandoned during her final hours of imprisonment by the German military, in which she uttered the famous quote mentioned at the beginning of this essay. Implications for nursingThe life of Edith Cavell impacted the nursing profession in a physique of ways. On a superficial level, multiple hospitals and schools have been named in her whiteness (see Appendix). She was also in influential in the early creation of victor nursing journals. During her stint as matron in Brussels, she was credited with the launch of Linfirmiere, which authenticated proper nursing standards and practices (Tejvan, 2010). It can be said, however, that her greatest contribution whitethorn not have come in life, but in death.While execution by firing squad lays in the extreme, she continues to serve as a symbol to nurses and non-nurses alike as to the level of personal sacrifice and emotional dedication many nurses put into the profession each day . This was presumably never her original intention, but through martyrdom Edith Cavell will forever live as an inspiration to all nurses in the autobiography of nursing history. Conclusion Edith Cavell is an important figure in nursing history.Her ability to lead was preceded by her ability to demonstrate effective followership skills. Her patriotism and devout faith, both of which are rooted in the concept of followership, provided the foundation for many of her lifes endeavours. Ultimately, though, it was her loyalty to her fellow person which proved to be the true motivation behind her actions. Nurses everywhere can proudly use Edith Cavell as a role model for their nursing endeavours, and will hopefully use her story for inspiration to care without borders.

Tuesday, February 26, 2019

Pepsi Challenge

In the short story, Story by Lydia Davis there argon many conflicts, complications, crisis, travel action and resolution of the plot. The conflict the woman in the story compositors cases the most is that she is try to get a hold of a man. He seems to be not guileless with her and does not use suitable communication. This bothers her and she visits his apartment on two occasions. He seems to be with his ex daughter and she becomes skeptical of the two. She wants to know why he is not calling her back. So she finds herself in a crisis. She finally goes to his apartment again to find other car there.It is probably his ex girlfriend. When he comes outside, he confirms that it is his ex-girlfriends car. In the falling action he gives her a replay of his nightly events. In the resolution, she loves him and ignores the accident of him deceiving her (Burroway, 2007). She gets home from work. She checks her machine to find a message from him. She goes to his apartment. He is not home so she goes back to her home. She plays the piano to occupy her time. She calls him and he tells her that he will call her later. She decides to write in her notebook on what shed vocalise to him.He finally calls her and they argue. After they hang up, she calls him twice, but he does not answer his phone. She decides to go to his apartment and there is another car there. She looks with the windows, but doesnt see anything. She knocks on the door and there is no answer. As she walks away, he walks through door. He puts his arms around her and they talk. She contemplates on whether he is being truthful or not (Burroway, 2007). The woman in the story sets a scene at both her home and a mans home. The summary behind the story is a series of events.The woman is trying to reach him, she visits his apartment, she finally speaks to him on the phone, they argue, she visits his apartment to finally speak to him face to face, there is an ex-girlfriend inside his apartment and he may be dec eiving (Burroway, 2007). On several occasions the woman uses flashback to describe her past. She tends to go back in time to talk about her husband and the way he acted towards her. She in any case describes the man in her story as not being truthful in the past (Burroway, 2007). References Burroway, J. (2007). Imaginative writing elements of craft. New York Pearson Longman.

Hepatitis A power point

This virus is one of several types of hepatitis viruses that cause inflammation and doctor your livers ability to function. OHare most likely to contract this virus from contaminated foods or water or from close contact of someone else who is already septic. Defeatists A is primarily found in the feces of an infected person. Gyms Potts is spread from infected food workers to ready-to-eat food including deli meats. An also be spread to bring out and lads and can be present in shellfish. Symptoms Most common symptoms -nausea -vomiting -diarrhea -mild pyrexia -headache -fatigue Cafeteria a few days, the infected person may develop jaundice. wave-particle duality may be mistaken for the flu. Comes sufferers, especially children, may exhibit no symptoms at all. These symptoms typically appear two to six weeks after absorb of transmission system. Cities may return over the following 6 months. Is contracted by eating contaminated foods or by drinking contaminated water.Food consultat ion Fruits and ve pass awayables grown on eyelids where the water supply has been contaminated. DRaw or undercooked shellfish from contaminated waters, raw produce, contaminated drinking water, uncooked foods and cooked foods that are not reheated after contact with an infected food handler Ass prevented by proper hand cleanseing procedures before cooking. Preventative Measures Owen traveling abroad, depending on place of travel or length of stay it is recommend to get a vaccine. Safety precaution when traveling in regions where hepatitis A outbreaks occur.Peel and wash all fruits and vegetables yourself and avoid raw or undercooked meat and fish. Apatites A is preventable through a vaccine. It is typically given in two doses. You turn around your initial vaccination than a booster follow up 6 months later. Orrin bottled water and use when brushing your teeth. No bottle water is ready(prenominal) you must boil your water before drinking it. O on that point are NO treatments tha t will cure LTreating the condition is based on making you feel as comfortable as possible until the infection passes. Important to get plenty of rest, especially during the initial stages of the infection.

Monday, February 25, 2019

Production Criticism of Oedipus the King Essay

The directorial concept of the wreak started with an over alone picture of sadness and a suggestion that the story is indeed a tragedy. The stage, as the invertebrate foot of the entire scene, has been knowing to assortediate the levels of society, thus, it has different levels of platforms and steps, alone leaving the content of the stage flattest, where most of the characters ordain be performing. The materials used for the platforms are of different types. The higher steps leading to the outskirts of the stage look like they were take hold with ordinary flat rocks, oft like the ones we see in the disused Jerusalem.The steps were do simply for the purpose of being pathways men bum walk on. Nothing fashionable. The center of the stage has a different design, because I noticed that the root wording is much much modern than the flat rocks close to it. The material of the floor of the center stage has a much smooth-textured quality, although it was carved like bricks, like the ones on the streets of Paris, France. The floor carvings are designed like segmented rings that all leads to one focal point, much like the bytes in a compact disc. The most prominent component divorce of the stage is the palace of Oedipus, the King.It stands so proud with its walls extending all the way to the travel by that it scares you of its command of authority and power. It stood so high and proud that it looked like it reached the field and looks infinite. The material of it was the smoothest of all. It has the most modern design in the stage. The cement has a slate gray color mixed with whiten streaks that suggested it must be made of marblethe strongest among the rocks on stage. Thats how powerful Oedipus, as a king, is. He is believed to be the savior of Thebes when he defeated the Sphinx by tell the most difficult riddle.The play is an obvious non-dramatic pageantry, because the elements of it were present and done in the stage. in that location is an ico n or focal point, which usually is a sacred artifact or a saint. (Theatrical Production, Encyclop? dia Britannica. ). There was a huge put over with a white cloth resting on its arm at the centre of attention of the highest outstkirt platform. This is its focal point because it looks religious profuse to suggest its the grouchy of Jesus Christ. Overall, the environment of the stage is melancholic. The color of the stages floor to the very tall palace is in the neutral shade.Again, nothing special. This incisively suggests the hue of sorrow, which is the shade of gray. The sorrowful environment was coupled with the stage lights, which made the scene look softer and mellower. The lights come from under the outskirts platforms, which gave a lot of hindquarters on the stage. The second light will be coming from straightway above the stage, which gives all little bit of glow on the heads of the characters, but not enough light to brighten the faces of every actor. The poor dism ission made it mat up like the characters are speaking to me personally, in my deepest thoughts.It dawned to me that whenever I am depressed or whenever I wanted to be alone, I tend to hate bright lights. Such is the feeling of someone in wakes, especially those wakes inside chapels. The serene, soothing look of a funeral scene in a chapel is the aimed environment here. The downplay lights on the outskirts of the stage changes as the mood of the scene changes too. Even though the shadow was effective enough to suggest sorrow, the light blue hue of the background defined the mood. When the pitiable truth of Oedipus character was n wee revealed, the background light turned into a reddish hue, as if the sun was setting.It gave a red glow that suggested the wretched feeling of the moment. It also made the blood coming out from Oedipus eyeball look thick and black, which made the suffering grievous enough to die. Sounds make the punks beat rapidly and loses ones breath. From beginn ing until the end, the background music created the feeling that it is tragic. When Tiresius, the seer, showed up, there was annoying background music created by a type of violin, which made it felt like there was great(p) irony and perversity in the scene.The horting sound of the violin made my heart twist and my throat a bit choked because I felt the tension due to the sound. It is interesting though, how the director was able to coordinate all aspects of production to make the playscript equal his directorial concept. Of course, the playscript was changed to make it more dramatic and the words appealing to the audience. The playscript was Bowdlerized, or words were changed to fit the lingo of the modern audience. (Dr. Eric W. Trumbull. ).Although there werent any fancy or colorful props on the stage, the characters are the ones that still mattered the most. Though the faces of the characters more often than not remained stiff throughout, their voices are full of color. Loudnes s and softness of the voices stated the mood. There was also a striking difference on the characters costumes, each has its own different era to represent a group will be wearing costumes of Sophocles generation, another wearing the fashion of the early twentieth century, while another wearing the fashion of the latest trend.Still, the colorize of the costumes were nothing fancier than red, white and gold. The colors of the cloths are in filmy solid colors too. The characters spotlight are their white costumes, or something white in their costumes. For example, the choruses were all dressed in black except the typewriter ribbon on the neck, which is pure white. This gives the picture that their heads are floating and the rest of the eubstance is invisible. The directors aim to present a non-dramatical pageant play that wont bore the modern audience so off the beaten track(predicate) caught my attention.He may have aimed to make the production profit a lot more by involving famo us actors to play the role, as part of his marketing strategy. (Dr. Eric W. Trumbull. ). The production is an art in itself, and Don Taylor wouldve still passed as very good mental representation director. The play is directed gearing outside from the Shakespearean concept of production, which made it quite different to the taste of theatrical fans, and thus, worth watching and recommending.

Proper decision making Essay

Proper ratiocination making on which logical argument to choose requires utmost thinking and calculation of possible trade offs. A dilemma is often faced when familiarity of a certain job is preferred over a new opportunity. In your two year experience of sketching as a shatter and sales clerk, I know that you already have skills that helped you excel in your field. Let me share with my take on the subject matter. Since you are locution for a job, I would like to let you know that there is an inauguration at my current work place, Cosset Lounge.The lounge is a spa and massage center which is only two blocks away from my pad. You can work there as my boss assistant. The one who is best fitted for the position demand to have good communication and writing skills, excellent customer do and the capability to work with minimum supervision. The mentioned skills were in terms of the professional aspect only. As for the personal aspect, the assistant should have upright interperso nal skills. The job often deals with meet-ups with the boss VIP clients and suppliers of spa necessities.Therefore, a pleasing reputation is definitely a must have. There are also clock when you will monitor spa operations in a day to day basis. You might think that the job is way far from your doddery work. But, with the skills that you have and your desire to learn, you can easily adapt to the new running(a) environment. I hope that you will opt for welcoming new experiences when it comes to enhancing your skills. In my humble opinion, I believe that you should enter a different field of operations for professional and personal growth as well.

Sunday, February 24, 2019

Was king henry an innovator?

Henry the s as yeter was born on the twenty-eighth of January 1457 and had a very interesting life. He became king In the known Battle of Bowwows where he kil take the king at that time, who was Richard Ill with the assistance of the Stanley brothers. At that point In history, England was a very weak culturally, economically and militarily. England was in like manner torn in half for years by a civilised war which is likewise known as the Wars of the Roses. This meant that king Henry VII had not and contractable the crown but several major robbers, which Henry intended to solve these issues.Some of these occupations were that the British Isles needed unification, as both(prenominal) Ireland and Scotland were both hostile and separate, or the English Just didnt have ensure over them. Another problem was the military development. The army Henry inherited with his crown relied on the bow, while other nations were moving on to bam arms. Above all else, though, top executive H enry VII planned to take a crap a clean dynasty the Tudor dynasty. He went about solving these Issues In a very clever and unique style which proved to be effective.Some believed, though, that Henry merely adopted these ideas from previous monarchs and It just proved to a greater extent effective In his rule. Thats why there Is not an agreement on whether or not King Henry was an Innovator. Some historians argue that King Henry the VII was an innovator, and have many arguments to support them. Most, if not all, of these arguments revolved around three main areas which were finance, foreign policies and his race with the nobles. On the low area, Henry held money very close to his heart. He had adoptedEdward Avis use of the bedroom (which can also show that he wasnt an innovator) but had ended up creating more(prenominal) than 3 times the revenue that Edward had made, which was due partly to the event that Henry supervised his accounts more closely than Edward. Henry also TLD frustrate his family. He was assisted greatly by the fact that the only relation In his family was his uncle who had passed away a decade after his reign. Further produce can be seen by He was careful not to flow away much to his wifes relatives, the Woodpile connection, to whom Edward had been more generous.Henry also developed to a fine are his recognizes, which were basically a way of ensuring that henrys more all primary(prenominal)(predicate) subjects obeyed the law and lived in quiet. The way these recognizes worked were that if a nobleman or mankind offended the king, or that their conduct was a threat to the public order, they would be obliged to pay specified sums of money if they broke the conditions laid floor by the recognizes. It is shown that out of the 62 peers that existed between years 1485 and 1 509, 46 of them were under recognizes at one point or another.This as henrys method of holding the upper class to ransom for their good behavior. At the clams of Henrys reign, he had inherited a considerable debt, but ended up becoming solvent In the beginning of his reign. Henry not only became solvent but ended up securing a surplus In his later years. He also had a very strong relationship with the nobles. During The Wars of the Roses, many nobles had taken advantage of relationship to the nobility than his predecessor did.Henry, conflicting Edward who made nine new earls, only made two new earls who were his stepfather Lord Stanley and Edward Courtesan. Another difference between Henry and Edward were that there were no super-nobles, while in Edwards reign he had made his mothers brother more powerful by showering him with land. Henry was very cautious not to reinforcing stimulus too generously, even to the nobles who were most useful to him. Retaining, which was that lords could retain servants or followers to serve him in war or peace, was a major problem for Henry.Both Henry and his predecessor knew that they shouldnt end it all to gether, as they recognized a nobles right to retinue, due to the fact that these ties of loyalty between lords and their followers were important for the smooth functioning of society. Henrys aim, though, was to attempt to end the lawlessness and corruption which could case if retaining remained unchecked. That is when he created the rule in 1504, which stated that every lord had to vex a license for his retinue from the king equipped with a rock of named retainers. The main difference between Henry and Edward was that Henry enforced his laws in a more resolute way.Foreign policies were another one of his specialties. Both Edward and his replacing .NET about similarly taking claim to the French throne, both led invasions of France and both achieved treaties by which the French king agreed to pay them annually. They were also very similar with Scotland, as both of them concluded long truces with their neighbors which were ultimately broken up by open war. Differences between the two kings were even clearer. King Edward was the renaissance prince, and sought out to gain land by attempting to invade France and Scotland, which were both serious attempts to gain some of the land that England had lost.Henry on the other hand was quite the opposite. He was more inclined to peace than war. Henry had signed a accordance with Spain to ensure security. The treaty of friendship opened the way to marriage between Catherine of Argon, the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, and Henrys firstborn son, Prince Arthur. He had also strengthened his connections with Scotland by marrying his daughter Margaret and James IV of Scotland, and also ensured that Henry VIII should marry Catherine of Argon, after the death of Prince Arthur.

MIS answer

Most of the mobile devices such(prenominal) as ph wizard and pad provide convenient social networking applications dowery pile communicate, collaborate and obtain essential learning via e-mail, typing messages. These uncomplicated- utilize applications sens let people go through along with each some other each charge they like no question between colleagues or families easily.Based on a fast and senior juicy-efficiency info-obtained function people tend to manipulation these handy applications making business decisions day by day. A true application of app routined by Gees Mobile Center take decision makers mom in from the map to a specific renderer getting on the whole key mathematical operation Indicators and diagnostic information. 2. Some specific examples by using Phone to carry out a better control In the production line are a lot.For example, TECH chocolate company make their integration assiduity come true since getting to spend phone in score to quic kly change temperature with an alert, turn-on or off the chocolate political machine and achieve faster date-control GE employees use pad to access email, contacts people and dish up them find patterns and trends in large volumes of data Dhow Cornings Analytics get results f gross revenue conditions for the silicon products, data analysis by using the App devices, and their employees use phone to check email, exchange information, presenting ideas too Sunbelt Rentals start to use a single data package system for sales team with a smart equipment of Mobile Salesperson. Its appeared with a clear and complete system reports listed integrates data from different basic functions which takes a shortcut for sales managers to make any decisions in time SAPs business develops a one time applications for users to curb connected with customers and business anytime after work and get the information of products line and sales discount. 3.Nordstrom, a top shopping place, remediates their p rice-check and check-out time under the help of the connection between phone and leader-computer. Just using the Phone to plane the bar code is ready to go. The employees also use the smart phones to time on and off in one time. 4. There Is no denying the circumstance that mobile devices really did a good Job In fol outset down among business field. It not only let market sales get a maximum profit exclusively also shows an easy and fast bureau for customers and sellers to get along with each other. So, business persistence has gotten a huge improvement In working efficiency, products and wait on quality, time control and so on when we use these high technology tools.Except that, it did a very important role in assisting persons social support, no matter in communication or team work. If we lose those precious applications, we do nothing to develop our pains and quality for peoples life. Location of each stop, expatriation time, package introduce information. Processing i nclude basic package transform information, customer online account, and central computer. Output is composed of pick up, sales talk efficiency, tracking routes, delivery mime and so on. 2. UPS uses Aids, barded s set upning system, center computer. UPS uses the high- tech package to track packages and shipments, and do a represent calculation. Each of them washbowl help UPS save time getting a better service by cutting down paper usage, transportation costs. 3.Service (try best to meet their customers need) Customers can download their straddle details whether they want to replace order or make a refund back. This process is fast and easy to do. toll (save costs but retentivity service quality) 340 Methods is used to optimize accomplishment from lifting and loading boxes to select a package this teeth increase cost savings and goods safety. Competitive advantage (a leadership among global delivery service) by using high tech installment, UPS has been the leadership for many years since dog-tired and USPS appear. Their supply chain let them achieve a standardized service and build a reliable brand image among competitors and customers at the said(prenominal) time. 4.The scanning device like barded, Aids software, handheld devices and other methods keeping Pups management system fast and precise for inventory checking, fees calculation, customers accounts management. That is the key why this company till re primary(prenominal)s strong competitive advantages. 5. If the technology is not available for the UPS, they allow for lose thousands of customers and stay at the original place keeping awkward step without any competitive advantages among the whole delivery companies. Because of losing technology, they will spend tons of dollars on costs and the time they use isnt proportional as what they want. 1 . This case illustrates the reasons why health care fees are so overpriced in United States. One monumental reason is that the medicine go intos are currently paper-based, making it difficult to be shared and accessed.Another reason is to achieve an automatic electronic medicine record system still tough in front 2015. Not only for a privacy concern by using these devices, but also undependable data available for doctors to gain main points which they need. As a result, to improve a valuable electronic health device is still the main topic for us to explore so that our health organization can do a better Job with efficiency and control resources lost. 2. stack factors are involved by physicians, governance agencies, patients and insurance company. Physicians will easily be tired and exhausted by adding extra erasures of 20 hours learning and training if we use the electronic medicine system.Governments goal is letting this high technology system used in national wide in combination difficulty within several distinct systems. Patients all strongly need their privacy information being kept properly. Organizations are includi ng the two-grain spelt systems to be built. To get a complete set of patient information in full national wide is still a long-term way to go. Because different companies have different systems for health record, and to integrate all the systems without privacy leakage, unusable information of each patient yet picturesque formidable. At the same time, a high-tech system needs a high-level doctor or physician to accommodate, how to train our doctors in particular time is also a key point to emphasize.For the technology factors, how to use EMMER systems to report the same data from government agencies to another one without a key is not easy. One of the most headache things is all keeping patients data proper and safe. 3. The business will trends to traditional way by continue using thousands of papers and health care will be more and more expensive due to the personal records peeping. So, government has to spend thousands of money each year for those patients who cant afford the ir health fees component part them process their financial problems. The insurance industry may also taste such a big chance to earn money for those unaffordable patients. The other industries will also be affected because of the monopoly of medical institutions.Competition among social industry will be more and more ruthless. 4. Digitizing medical reconsidering can diddle a fresh working efficiency for both companies and social industries. As a reason of convenient and swift operational yester, people no long dare their high cost of health care fees but a comfortable price instead. Governments no more nervous for the low income payments and health care bonus each year. Insurance companies can go on carrying out their insurance friendly plan in order to keep on their original industry purpose of check over peoples life but not prolong peoples lifespan. 5. In my points, I like this consequence to use electronic systems to solve health problems.One reason is that this system sol ves an expensive system for persons health care and does huge contributions to doctors diagnostic time before looking up the specific information they need. Another reason is that this gracious of perfect system can bring good news to governments to ensure peoples life quality and economy stability at the same time. low the economic prosperity times, we need to try our best to use the high technology helping us improve working efficiency and get maximum profits day by day. So, the above details signalize us a fact that this system definitely helps us solve several chain problems of economy monopoly, peaceful development, working productivity by increasing service and quality attitudes for a long time.

Saturday, February 23, 2019

Nature Writing, and the Problem of Canonical Elision Essay

The research paper is kinda possibly the al intimately everyday assignment in side persists at CGU. For tips on how to onward motion your research papers, see our brochure on com attitude in English Courses. The newspaper publisherThe struggle now being waged in the professoriate over which writers deserve throw unwraponical status is non provided a struggle over the relative merits of literary geniuses it is a struggle among contending factions for the decline to be point offed in the picture America draws of itself-importance. (tom turkeypkins 201) In 1850, with the divine service of her intumesce-kn take in founding father, James Feni more than than(prenominal) invite, Susan Fenimore barrel maker published campestral Hours, a innate historical flier of wizard year in the Otsego Lake argona of smart York c all forth. I hint her fathers name in order to situate Susan Fenimore make in literary report, or, more accurately, to position her password in con gener to our understandings of literary history.For truthfully, if literary history were faithful to the developments of, and reactions to, literature of the past, Susan Fenimore barrel makers name would be well-kn experience to all scholars of nineteenth- degree Celsius American literature. Her playscript was vastly popular some(prenominal) in America and abroad it went d champion sextette printings by 1854, the publication year of Thoreaus Walden. cracker-barrel Hours was re publicationd with a impertinently chapter in 1868, reprinted again in 1876, and then abridged by 199 pages and reissued in 1887. When critics praised hoidenish Hours1 and the volume sold well, Susan Fenimore cooper achieved literary fame as a writer of im military manent history. However, enchantment umteen of her contemporaries k forward-looking her name, close to scholars in the 1990s know all of her father. Why this oversight in the plait of literary history?2In 1968, David J angiotensin-co nverting enzymes, a visitor to the Otsego Lake bea in cutting York, reissued the 1887 edition of coopers entertain. In his creative activity he compargons pastoral Hours to the canonically schematic Walden and claims, artless Hours is non, worry Walden, a multi-level book (xxxvii). Instead makes school school textbookbookbook, Jones affirms, tells us as well as a book canhow a representative actuate of the rural northeasterly United States looked, sounded,smellight-emitting diode, and even felt in the middle of the nineteenth century (xxxvii-viii). Admittedly, portraying a location so fully is no diminished t use up, and although Jones intimates that Rural Hours provides enjoyable light nurture, he all the way believes that Thoreaus text far surpasses barrel makers in its complexity and depth. I deficiency to suggest that Joness evaluation of Rural Hours overlooks subtle however main(prenominal) textual intricacies, that makes text is multi-levelled, and i s, in fact, precautioned with frequently more than the local flora and fauna of the Otsego Lake region.One problem in determining the literary value of Rural Hours lies in our inability to ramify its genre. The book takes the form of a nonfictional journal, moreover Rural Hours can non be classified as autobiography in the traditional virtuoso of one writer im partinging the story of his or her flavor experiences. cooper portrays her outback(a) knowledge base as much as her private experiences, and she relates her pennings to her confederacy more than to her own life. One is tempted to call Rural Hours temper writing and, in fact, her modern-day supporters do classify her text as much(prenominal), besides makes text does non relate the typical criteria for this genre, either. This is in part because of the imprecision of definitions of temperament writing itself.Critics generally agree that heart writing is non-fictional prose in which the writer functions a s an observer of the outside foundation, go abouts to represent that outside creation in lecture, and typically, polishs on the cultivate of giving language to the inborn terra firma. It is comm entirely when agreed that temperament writing in like manner evinces the causes reflections of his or her individual ghostly growth. Sharon Cameron, in writing almost Thoreau, suggests that to write about character is to write about how the mind sees constitution, and some(prenominal)times about how the mind sees itself (44).In his recent development of several temperament writers, Scott Slovic echoes and expands Camerons definition constitution writers atomic number 18 non merely, or even primarily, analysts of usher or appreciators of temperamentrather, they are students of the tender mind (3). We find, then, that according to our genuine definitions, reputation writers write about their milieu, and they similarly remember their personalized consanguinity to it. in that respectfore, a writer like cooper, who concerns herself more countly with her milieu and less with her personalreactions to them, somehow does non to begin with fit the criteria for the genre. How can a book such asRural Hours, rich with observations on the botany, ornithology, and raw(a) history of an area, not be considered temper writing?I remove that we afford been trained to run down books about the raw(a) serviceman and the human family to it in ways that affect our abilities to find value in texts that set out from the canonical Thoreauvian forma form based on personal reflections regarding ones relationship with spirit, ones company to the community, the difficulties of conveying perceptions through language, and, most strategicly, perhaps, the process of forming individuality. When modern-day readers realize and hear the expectations that they mystify to Rural Hours, and go awayingly suspend those expectations, thereby allowing the tex t to damp its own agenda and voice its own concerns, they will discover that makes work is rich with insights regarding nineteenth-century Americas tender, internal, and historical politics.Rural Hours is not so directly involved in exploring how the mind sees nature or how the mind sees itself. Instead, barrel maker concerns herself with the ominous task of giving lecture to severally aspect of her infixed surroundings and to exploring the implications of this environment not for herself as an individual, barely for her extensiver community, and ultimately, for the intact nation. We moldiness ask, then, not scarce if Rural Hours has literary value, but as well as if we as critics can consider expanding our occurrent conceptions of nature writing to accommodate a book such as Rural Hours.In his attempt to summarize what he considers to be the weaknesses of coopers book, Jones have-to doe withs a description of autumn in Rural Hours and uses coopers spoken languag e to create an analogy concerning her prose autumn, like coopers prose, is variable, mutable, not alike twice in achieverion, gay and brainy yesterday, more languid and pale today (xxxvii). As literature, Jones further explains, Rural Hours varies from brilliant in one passage to languid and pale in another(prenominal)(prenominal) (xxxvii).Jones tolerates very curt support for this critical perspicacity of the book and, therefore, I cannot supporter but wonder why he truly set up the narrative to be languid and pale. As we will see, Joness bill for the weakness of Miss coopers work is circular and underdeveloped, and supports the established notion that tint nature writing portrays less of nature, and more of the causations engagement with the natural area. Further interrogatory of his criticisms will servicing to explain the exclusion of Rural Hours from most records of literary history.Jones explains, make brought realism and get-up-and-go to her portrait of rural life by revealing its variable and changeable nature, to be sure, but the very act produced a major brand in the book (xxxvii). Jones here suggests that makes realistic keying of the natural sphere is the very downfall of her book. However, her narrative dedication to the natural world, to its vitality and constancy, necessitates that portions of the text be purely descriptive. Jones thus seems to contradict himself the one level at which coopers text is unsurpassed, he asserts, is in its ability to so accurately and faithfully appoint the natural world. This strength, however, is likewise the weakness of the book. Finally, Jones does not de beauteous this flaw at all quite, he proceeds to discuss Thoreaus Walden.Jones assumes throughout his introduction that Thoreaus book is far superior to barrel makers, that readers ofRural Hours will agree with this assessment, and that, therefore, his assessment requires no justification. This method of reasoning alike presupposes th at Walden and Rural Hours afford the same criteria for judgement, or, that they peril similar attempts at representing nature.3 If barrel maker and Thoreau actually engage similar projects, this assessment is valid. If, however, these writers differ in their purposes, or representand react tothe natural world in distinct ways, then we motif to examine these criteria of evaluation. How do we approach a text that attempts to represent the natural world on its own terms? Have we been taught to read texts whose straightforward photo of the natural world is, seemingly, their main goal?4If, as Jones suggests, barrel makers prose trunk so loyal to her topic that it is besides realistic, and therefore borders on boring, we need to ask how we expect cooper to represent nature so as to hold our attentions and why hercontemporaries were not in like manner bored by her book. Many questions arise what are contemporary readers expectations of writing that engages the natural world? How d o our expectations differ from those of readers in the nineteenth century?Assuming that readers bought and consumed makes text because they found interest in both its subject matter and its perspective, how does makes direct conveyance of the natural world reflect her cultures interests and concerns?5 What is the role of nature in such a text, as opposed to the role of people? How very much do we require that a realistic portrayal of nature be re headd by fiction or symbolization, thereby preventing languid and pale prose? How a beloved deal do we extremity to read specifically about nature, and how often are we more interested in exploring the human presence in nature? Finally, is Rural Hours actually poorly written, or boring?Such questions, originating from an attempt to understand the immense success and warm reception of Rural Hours in the mid- to late-nineteenth century, cause us to examine our conceptions of how writers should relate to nature, how their relations s hould be represented through language, and how weas readersshould read such texts. Read at heart our common understandings of nature writing, a conception that stresses writings influenced by the Romantics, Coopers prose may seem languid and pale, but if we approach Coopers text in other ways, as I will demonstrate, we will discern the richness of Rural Hours.Interest in writing that depicts the environment has increased in recent years. Clearly, texts such as Emersons Nature and Thoreaus Walden film dominated our discipline lists, but studies such as Cecelia Tichis cutting World, unseasoned human race and Annette Kolodnys The Lay of the democracy and The Land sooner Her investigate the history of American interest in the environment and take in us to consider a variety of literary forms as important in understanding how Americans commit related to their natural environment through the centuries.Tichi states, Consistently since the seventeenth century environmental reform has formed an integral and important part of our cultural and literary history (x). American interest in the knowledge domain infiltrates our earliest documents, as Tichi constitutes in her conduct. In earlyAmerica, the American spirit and the American continent were bonded ideologicly, and arguably continue to be bonded ideologically, albeit in varied ways (Tichi ix).Another important study of Americans conceptions of the state of nature as reflected in literature is Bernard Rosenthals City of Nature. Rosenthals study concentrate ones on Coopers predecessors and contemporaries, and concludes that ii ideas of nature emerge in the writings of the American Romantics. He locates one idea of nature in the conception of barbarianerness as the space to be assumed by the emerging American city. The second idea of nature concerns the young spiritual myth, an individual trip into nature for the purpose of establishing what Rosenthal terms the city of the self (27).Put another way , two irreconcilable connotations emerged as the most important definitions of the word nature one in which nature represented commodity being modify into civilization, and one in which nature became the metaphor for a new spiritual mythology for the nineteenth-century individual (Rosenthal 31).6 Rosenthal suggests that, during the nineteenth century, the majority of Americans conceived of nature in this first way, and that most of the American Romantic writers worked within the second understanding of nature (71).7These two conceptions of nature largely inform our readings of nineteenth-century texts that center, in some way, around the natural world. We concur been taught not only to conceive of the natural world as a metaphor for our own society, but likewise to read texts that depict the natural world in terms of what they impart regarding the individual human spirit.8 We therefore approach texts that describe the natural world and that share personal reflections regarding th e landscape with the expectation that they will either consider the transformation of nature into its purest form, civilization, or that they will explore nature as spiritual place, as the site of an interior journey to a private place in the spirit (Rosenthal 18), or that the author will attempt both visions of nature.9 As readers we are taught that musical composition purely descriptive prose may be poetically beautiful, it is boring, contains no metaphor or symbolism, and therefore lacks importance because it does not pertain to individualspiritual growth. In the words of a colleague, We conk out over the flowers and birds and pretty things and look for what really happens. However, what really happens often happens within the descriptive prose that we overlook. In relying on metaphor for our readings of such texts either the metaphor of nature as civilization or nature as self we fail to investigate the implications of capturing nature in language or the process by which a w riter envisions elements of nature and transforms that vision into linguistic representation. We fail, finally, to ask how this investigation into the natural world functions not only for the individual or for society, but for the natural world itself.At this point, some may blame me of oversimplifying nature writing some may argue that metaphor and symbolism are the more complicated ways in which authors pursue language, and that to cast away these linguistic forms is to reduce nature writing to the parroting of knowledge of natural history, or the inculpateingless naming of colors, sounds, and sights. I am not, however, suggesting that nature writing texts not be considered for their metaphorical value, only that we consider the implications of only considering them in this way.Susan K. Harris makes a similar point in her study of nineteenth-century womens sentimental novels written in the midst of 1840 and 1870 There appears to be an unspoken agreement not to submit nineteen th-century American womens novels to extended analytical evaluation, largely because the evaluative modes most of us were taught devalue this literature a priori. (44) part Harriss study focuses on fictional writings, the implications of her study for the study of nature writing and Susan Fenimore Coopers text are multiple and deserving of some attention. Harris finds that the criteria upon which scholars often scrutinize texts in order to determine their literary merit and the methods they pursue in analyzing texts disregard important substitute aspects of texts.Harris suggests reading texts through a method she calls process depth psychology, a method of reading and interpreting a text that foregrounds the relationship of the literary critical task to the critics stance in her own time (145) and that considers the public, political and social context from which thetext emerged.10 Harris explains her belief that it is important to establish the terms of the debate(s) in which t he text participates the positions it takes, and how these positions are embodied in its textual structure (46).11 Thus, as the language of the text is foregrounded, we look at the text as both reactive and creative, and disregard the traditional concern that the text consciously embody eternal truths (45).A text such as Coopers Rural Hours faces umpteen an(prenominal) of the obstacles in contemporary criticism that the sentimental novels that interest Harris face, specially when considered as part of the category of writing that has come to be called nature writing. Not only does Coopers book adopt a prosaic bolt that is contrary to those of canonized texts, but her book also forms part of a genre that itself is not very well established in the canon. She is, finally, a charr writing in a denigrated style within in a genre largely ignored by traditional scholarship.As critics have only recently begun to realize, historical and contemporary writers who represent their relati onships to their surrounding environments exemplify differing ways of using language, and the linguistic methods these writers lock to represent and conceive of the natural world reflect, in complicated ways, the ideological implications of our cultural conceptions of nature. An understanding of the content of such writings, the issues they raise, and the methods of linguistic kink they employ will enable us, as literary scholars and historians, to realize how our language reflects our attitudes toward the hold upence, and more pointedly, how such attitudes have determined, prevented, or justified our actions against, and reactions to, the earth.The traditional approaches to such texts consider timeless truths in the forms of metaphors concerning nature as civilization or journeys to nature as journeys to the self. But these attitudes often neglect to consider the authors interest in the political and social opinions of the time concerning the proper relationship of society and the earth, and how writers in our society throughout history have coded such opinions in language.12Studies such as Harriss often center on cultural conceptions of sexuality in womens fiction.13 The recent critical focus on issues of gender incompatibleiation has lead contemporary critics to ask if women of course relate to the outside world differently than men. In keeping with this interest, Annette Kolodny suggested in her 1975 study,The Lay of the Land, that womens writings and linguistic usages have all on been offering us alternate means of expression and perception (ix) and that an examination of womens writings on the subject of nature could yield infract understandings of American conceptions of the franticness.Kolodny also states that a conscious and determined struggle to grow for themselves the meaning of their landscape characterizes the writings of nineteenth-century Americans (Lay of the Land 71). certainly both Cooper and Thoreaus texts engage in this strugg le, although their engagements take different forms. Although I am not aware of any critical investigations as to whether Coopers and Thoreaus alternative narrative styles are based in gender differences,14 most recent critics of Cooper (of which there are few) do tie on the issue of gender when exploring her text. Unlike Jones, they quickly overlook Thoreau from their studies, and rather suggest that Coopers text presents a representative depiction of womans relationship to the natural world in nineteenth-century America.15The most recent study of Rural Hours appears in Vera Norwoods Made from This Earth, in which the author devotes a chapter to Susan Fenimore Cooper and her arguable influence on the women nature writers subsequent to her.16 Norwood argues that Cooper represented a literary domestic,17 a woman writer who wrote to deliver the scenes and values of middle-class mobs to a liberal readership (27). Thus, Norwood suggests, Cooper used the occasion of her book not onl y to describe her natural surroundings, but also to impart valuable lessons to her readers in a non-threatening manner.Norwood asserts that Cooper turned to nature to discover what nature teaches about the roles of women in the domestic realm.18 For example, Cooper describes robins and praises the mother robins dedication to her young, implicitly suggesting that human mothers should emulate the robins self-sacrificing nature (Cooper 39-40/Norwood 37-8). Thus, Norwood sees a conversation in Rural Hours, a dialogue that Cooper creates in her text betwixt thenatural and human worlds in which gender roles in nature inform and enlighten gender roles in human society. Finally, Norwood claims that Cooper was consumed with understanding what nature suggests about female roles and family responsibilities, and how gender definitions and familial arrangements help people comprehend what they see in nature (37).Cooper does on occasion focus on gender roles and responsibilities in Rural Hours, but to state that she is consumed with such issues coarsely exaggerates her narrative interests. As Norwood points out, Cooper ruminates on the devoted(p) mother robin, but she also, interestingly, refers to the impulsive imprisonment of the mother, and to her generous, enduring patience (Cooper 40). While this patience is clearly a noble attribute of parental estimation for Cooper, the scene leaves her somewhat incredulous and stunned by the mothers consistent, uncomplaining waiting Cooper admits this is a striking instance of parental devotion (40). While she may advocate human parental devotion, she also recognizes that the natural world is more volitionally generous than the human world,19 and that whereas cosmos can learn from nature, there are also aspects of the natural world beyond human comprehension.20Interestingly, and perhaps even provocatively, Norwood does not point out that the voluntarily imprisoned mothering robin is accompanied by the male of the itsy-bitsy family, who occasionally relieves his mate by taking her place awhile and exerts himself to bring her food, and to sing for her amusement (40). Cooper takes his participation in her description of voluntary imprisonment his is also a striking instance of parental affection. If Cooper invokes the mother robin as a testament to giving mothering, her prayer of the father bird suggests his necessary assistance around the nest.Ultimately, then, to read Coopers text in terms of its interest in gender affords some intriguing insights Cooper clearly remains within her position as a middle- to upper-class lady throughout her narrative and, just as clearly, seeks confirmation of gender divisions and domestic roles from the natural world.21 These instances, though, are rarified in Cooperstext.The antecedents and issues that arise more often in Rural Hours concern the establishment of a subject identicalness and history, and while Cooper does not divorce her gender from the concerns that inform her larger agenda, she also does not encompass her interest in contentism within explorations of domesticity. Certainly one aspect of Coopers desire to explore the natural world in order to formulate a discipline individuation element concerns the place of women in society, but to read Rural Hours solely in terms of its attempt to explore the implications of gender roles as exemplified in the natural environment greatly simplifies the complexities and layers of Coopers book.I do not wish to suggest that traditional womens rightist readings of Coopers text are unwarranted or unnecessary, nor that such readings will prove un productionive. I do believe, however, that reading Coopers book through too narrow a focus is hazardous not only in seeking to establish her in the canon of serious and teachable writers, but also in that such a reading sidesteps many larger cultural issues that her text engages. A critical reading of Coopers text should investigate her representations and explorations of gender roles in mid-nineteenth century America as well as her other complex and raw concerns, such as the creation of an American history, the sermon of American Indians, the problems of deforestation, and the religious connotations of the natural world, all of which fall under the rubric, in Coopers text, of the establishment of a study indistinguishability.22As Jones points out, the majority of Coopers text contains descriptions of her surroundings. Her reflections are not always couched in metaphor, as Jones also suggests, but this does not detract from the value of Coopers text, nor does it indicate that Cooper does not entertain significant issues in her writing. Coopers descriptions of her surroundings reflect and embody her larger concern for the development of a guinea pig identity based in the land. In her view, the establishment of a bailiwick identity is linked to individual conceptions of the land, its flora and fauna, its people, and the relati onship of the countrys peoples to the land.Cooper depicts the landscape of Otsego Lake, relates the history of the land andits peoples, and describes the natural names, animals, and pissings of the area in an attempt to create an identity of place. The landscape, and the life the land supports, create the identity of this place. Coopers literature of place23 serves not only to create a natural identity for the Otsego Lake region, but also to assert the need for a similarly constructed guinea pig identity. The creation of a national identity, then, is the cultural work of Coopers text she seeks to locate the natural identity of her new nation.Coopers development of this theme a national identity rooted in the landscape is subtle and calculated, but a scrupulous reading of Rural Hours reveals the measured construction of Coopers text. The opening pages ofRural Hours share observations that reflect the intentions of the book as stated in Coopers 1850 prefaceThe following notes contain, in a journal form, the simple record of those little events which make up the course of the sequences in rural life. In wandering about the fields, . . . one by nature gleans many trifling observations. . . The following pages were written in perfect good faith, all the trifling incidents alluded to having occurred as they are recorded. (Preface) In her first chapter, we read of the coming of spring snow thaws, buds appear, robins return to the area. These are seemingly little events, trifling in their lack of worldly significance. One almost now notices, however, the pride Cooper takes in plants and animals special(a) to her native land, those that are unequivocally Americas own. In contrast to the European robin, our robin never builds a nest on the ground (21), and the pretty white-bellied swallow, which has been confounded with the European martin is, Cooper assures, peculiar to America (56).Cooper also explains the uniqueness of American plants, complaining that the wild natives of the woods are often crowded out by European plants that were introduced by the colonists and that drive away the prettier natives (81).24 In her discussion of autumn in America, Cooper ruminates, Had the woods of England been as rich as our own English writers wouldhave praised the season in their writings long ago (336). Instead, one is led to believe that the American autumn has helped to set the fashions for the sister season of the spring up World (335).American writers reflections on the landscape have encouraged English writers to do the same, Cooper suggests. These trifling observations begin to babble out together, and we find Cooper asserting the importance of knowing the natural forms indigenous to ones place. Thus, for Cooper, determining which birds, animals, and plants are native to America, as well as which of these are unknown to Europeans, helps to define the American landscape, and therefore helps to establish a national identity. She takes pride in her land and in its natural wealth.Cooper also mourns the losses that her land incurs, suggesting that any depletion of the natural aspects of a place drastically alter its identity. Like her seemingly innocent cataloging of natural plants and animals indigenous to America, which emerges as a plea for national pride and definition based on the natural world, her repeated lamentings of disappearing or decreasing portions of the natural world emerge as a plea for the economy of the wilderness. Like Coopers gently emerging concern for identifying indigenous plants and animals, Cooper in stages develops this theme of loss throughout her text. Little events, when taken cumulatively, have large implications.Cooper observes wild pigeons in early March, for instance, and recalls a front season when they passed over the valley in large unbroken flocks several miles in extent succeeding each other. Then she remarks, There have not been so many here since that season (18). The reader mi ght dismiss this observation due to its early position in her book, but as one progresses through the text and recurringly comes across this motif of longing for previous times whensomehownature was more complete, one realizes that Cooper is truly concerned about the changes taking place in her surroundings.Her concern conveys much more overt, but not until much later in the book.25 Coopers seemingly minor concern for the losses of groups ofbirds or plants culminates in her consideration of the quick deforestation occurring in the country.26 She returns to the subject many times throughout the course of Rural Hours and, further along in the book, strongly criticizes people for their careless use of timber One would forecast that by this time, when the forest has fallen in all the valleys when the hills are fitting more bare every daywhen timber and fuel are rising in prices, and new uses are found for even achromatic woodssome forethought and care in this respect would be na tural in people laying claim to common sense.(213-14) Clearly, Cooper is warning her contemporaries by suggesting that they discontinue the destruction of trees for purposes of fueling their homes. The continual destruction of the forests so radically alters the landscape that Cooper cannot conceive of move deforestation. She not only seeks to educate her audience regarding the returns of preservation she also makes the preservation of the American landscape a moral imperative.This moral duty for national preservation becomes linked to Coopers feelings regarding the red man, or subjective Americans (93). Again, Cooper subtly portrays this sense of the loss of the indigenous peoples early in Rural Hours. When standing beside a clear running spring, she states, one seems of course to remember the red man recollections of his vanished race linger there in a more definite form than elsewhere (93).The rolling, clear water somehow evokes the vanished race yesterday they were here, to- day scarce a vestige of their reality can be pointed out among us (94). However, later in Rural Hours, Cooper more overtly conveys her feelings regarding the colonists treatment of the indigenous peoples, which she finds integral to the colonists treatment of the landscape. While viewing a forest grove, she laments It needs but a few short minutes to bring one of these trees to the ground (193). She reminds her readers that entire generations will come and go in the time that it takes for one of these mature trees to reach such magnificent heightsThe stout arm so ready to raise the axe to-day, essential grow weak with age, it essential drop into the grave its bone and sinew mustiness crumble into system long before another tree, tall and great as those, shall have grown from thecone in our hand (193-94). In the same paragraph, Cooper calls for a reinstitution of wilderness, claiming that the wild deer, the wolf and the bear must return from beyond the great lakes, and then, sig nificantly, that the bones of the savage men buried under our feet must arise and move again. . . ere trees like those ever appear again, so large, so wild (194).27The mistreatment of Native Americans emerges as a large theme in Coopers text. She advocates retaining the call they gave to places and portions of the natural world, partly because of the beauty in Indian words, which unite both sound and meaning (484). In the creation of a national identity, Cooper intimates, the power of names is very suggestive names reveal history and meaning, and the Indians words capture both elements. She argues against re-naming places not only due to the beauty of the Native Americans languages, however, but also because she believes that somehow European-Americans owe the indigenous peoples something. The refrain of loss that vacillates throughout Coopers text reaches its climax in the following passage. I quote at length to impart Coopers passionThere are many reasons for preserving every In dian name which can be accurately placed generally, they are recommended by their beauty but even when harsh in sound, they still have a claim to be unplowed up on account of their historical interest, and their connection with the dialects of the different tribes. A name is all we leave them, let us at least preserve that monument to their memory as we travel through the country, and pass river after river, lake after lake, we may thus learn how many were the tribes who have melted away before us, whose very existence would have been utterly forgotten but for the word which recalls the name they once bore. (485)As these words suggest, Coopers concerns in Rural Hours are far-reaching. Cooper finds little distinction amid the establishment of a national identity based in the uniqueness of the land, the preservation of the wilderness, and the maintenance of the influence of indigenous cultures.28 The natural history of this place and its people provide its meaning.These enmeshed issu es resonate even more strongly when Cooper places them in accordance with her religious ideals. Although her Christianity by no means permeates the text, its presence offers a cohesion between her many areas of interest. Cooper envisions each and every aspect of the natural world as belonging to part of perfections plan for Americans. For example, while admiring a particularly beautiful sky, Cooper says,At hours like these, the measureless goodness, the infinite wisdom of our Heavenly Father, are displayed in so great a degree of condescending tenderness to unworthy, sinful man, as must appear quite incomprehensible- entirely incredible to reason alonewere it not for the recollection of the mercies of past years, the positive proofs of experience.What have the best of us done to merit one such day in a lifetime of follies and failings and sins? (73-74) I do want to stress that these moments are rarified in Coopers text, that her homilies are short and few, but that they clearly c onvey her sense of wonder about the natural world.29 She finds value in each aspect of the natural world, and seeks to preserve the world as a testament of her faith in God.While maintaining the Puritan notion that the new world was intended for the colonists to cultivate, and that their duties included imparting Christianity to the Native Americans,30 Cooper also stresses the need to balance the human presence on, and cultivation of, the land with careful preservation of it. She envisions a society that whole shebang with the land, not against it, and that creates a national identity based on its intimate knowledge of, and respect for, the natural world.She suggests this balance between humans and nature lightheartedly, saying Many birds like a village life they seem to think man is a very good-natured animal, building chimneys and roofs, planting groves, and digging gardens for their especial benefit (63). But she also asserts the seriousness of her belief in admiring her village , rural and unambitious, and quite in proportion with surrounding objects (114).Cooper further explains her belief in a rural ideal,31 a sustainable balance between civilization and nature, in an essay collected in The Home make of the Picturesque, which was published in 1851The hand of man generally improves a landscape. The earth has been given to him, and his presence in Eden is natural he gives life and spirit to the garden. It is only when he endeavors to rise above his true part of laborer and husbandman, when he assumes the character of creator, and piles you up hills, pumps you a river, scatters stones, or sprinkles cascades, that he is apt to fail. Generally the grassy meadow in the valley, the winding road climbing the hill-side, the cheerful village on the patois of the stream, give a higher additional interest to the view or where there is something amiss in the scene, it is when there is some evident want of judgement, or good sense, or perhaps some proof of selfish av arice, or wastefulness, as when a country is stripped of its wood to interest the pockets or feed the fires of one generation.(82) This interest in creating a national identity based upon a balance of civilization, nature, and the preservation of religious ideologies forms the raw material underlying motif in Coopers text. While her words often convey seemingly simple observations about her surroundings, Coopers linking of the natural world and the human treatment of it with the necessity of establishing a national conception of the proper human relationship to nature forms a complex, conglomerate portrayal of the myriad concerns of nineteenth-century life. Rural Hours also reveals how issues surrounding the formation of national concepts of environmental treatment were intertwined with the establishment of pride in a new country.Additional readings of Rural Hours will undoubtedly uncover themes and tropes unexplored in the present essay. In order for this to occur, however, we m ust continually ask ourselves how our preconceptions may prohibit finding value in texts that do not meet established, too often unchallenged, criteria for judgements. One can approach Rural Hours, finally, as a natural history engaged in creating the story of a region and as an attempt to appreciate nature on its own terms not as a commodity for human use, but as beautiful, powerful, and suggestive of Gods greatness. In writing a balance between humans and nature, Cooper sets an agenda not only for her region, but for the country as a whole. Her text is filled with natural history, but it also expounds upon the concerns of an age in Americashistory. As such, it greatly contributes to our understandings of the human presence on the land.Sample Research Paper for an English Course1. Cunningham offers an overview of critical reactions to Rural Hours (339-40) as do Jones (xvii-xxv) and Norwood (27). fundament 2. The reading of Coopers text that follows, as well as my consideration of issues of literary historiography and canon construction owes much to Jane Tompkinss work, as suggested by my epigraph, but also to Cathy N. Davidsons study, Revolution and the condition. There Davidson states, The issue here is not that literature provides an inaccurate reflection of history but that no documents can simply be read as if they were objective, scientific data produced or preserved as some pure product of a people and the abiding record of their time. The record always suppresses more than it tells. Why, we must ask, are certain records kept in the first place? Why are they saved? The whole process of historiography, the archive itself, must be subjected to rigorous analysis. Who is keeping the records and for what purpose? Who is writing, to whom, and why? (Revolution 2).These are some of the issues and concerns I will address with regard to Susan Fenimore Cooper and Nature Writing. fundament 3. In her study, Writing Nature atomic number 1 Thoreaus Journal, Sharon Cameron considers Thoreaus attempts at representing nature in his journals, and also contrasts this to Walden. spine 4. Obviously, I do not think that Coopers and Thoreaus text engage nature similarly. While both writers reflect upon their surroundings and offer descriptions of elements of the natural world, each writer raises his/her own personal areas for concern. Chapters such as Thoreaus Where I Lived and Economy are totally absent from Coopers record of days. Sections concerned with environmental peril, such as Coopers reflections on the hazards of deforestation, which I will discuss later in this paper, are rare in Thoreaus text.While certainly some similar criteria exist for comparison, Thoreaus Walden is finally a philosophical investigation of individual mans economy and wakefulness, in Thoreaus sense of those words, and Rural Hours does not concern the individual so much as the nation, or the community. Together, these texts offer interesting insights into different conc eptions of the natural world in relation of humankind in mid-nineteenth centuryAmerica. keister 5. Jane Tompkins writes, The text that becomes exceptional in the sense of reaching an exceptionally large audience does so not because of its sledding from the ordinary and conventional, but through its embrace of what is most widely dual-lane (xvi). Like Tompkins, I assume that when many readers buy and read a book, they find value in that book, and that when a books success is marked by many reprintings and re-issuings, this reflects a cultural interest in the subject matter and in the implicit concerns of the book. plunk for 6. In both conceptions of nature, there is a religious ideology informing notions of meaning and direction.As Tichi so aptly explores in her New World, New Earth, the colonists conceived of the land as Gods gift to them, and their taming of the wilderness as therefore official by God. BACK 7. Rosenthal states, In America, the abstractions called nature came t o be defined as the civilization that emerged from the wilderness for the Romantics, who found their vocabulary in the country they inhabited, nature came to be equated with the civilization of the self, the world of inner vision (71). He divides European and American Romantic writers in this way, but then admits the difficulty of such a radical division, especially when considering Thoreaus Walden. Ultimately, Rosenthal suggests, American writers conceived of nature in both ways, as their texts reveal. BACK 8. It interests me that the books of Coopers contemporary writers whom we do read in literature classes Emerson, Thoreau, and, in a particularly courageous syllabus, Margaret Fuller were not nearly as successful during their lifetimes as Coopers. Furthermore, as many recent critics of nature writing note, the writings of these leash authors more often concerned the human world than the natural world.What does it mean that readers in the nineteenth century were more intereste d in Coopers more focused portrayal of the natural world than in Thoreaus symbolic and metaphorical vision of nature? BACK 9. I do not mean to criticize Rosenthal for instituting these methods of reading texts that portray nature. nearly readings of the canonical texts that engage nature maintain his model of two alternative ways of seeing the importance of nature, and I appreciate his clear photo of these versions. BACK 10. Another important context in which to examine such a text is in its relation to the literary heritage from which it originates. This seems especially crucial when considering atext such as Coopers, because she was so clearly influenced by the place of literature in American society.Her father concerned himself with establishing a literary history in the country Susan Cooper was extremely well-read (as her text evidences see pgs. 220, 226-7, and her numerous references to writers), and the theme of the construction of a written history of America surfaces in Ru ral Hours. An analysis of Coopers thoughts regarding literature and the contribution her text will make to an emerging literary tradition in her country would certainly prove valuable in understanding the cultural interest in creating an American literary heritage. BACK 11. Jane Tompkins raises very similar questions in her 1985 study, Sensational Designs. Tompkins asserts that contemporary critics often read our modern-day concerns into older texts questions about the self, the body, the possibilities of knowledge, the limits of language instead of heeding the texts own concerns, such as the religious beliefs, social practices, and economic and political circumstances that may have influenced the author and her contemporaries. BACK 12. Harris delineates the critical implications for such an approach although, again, her focus is nineteenth-century womens sentimental novels structure and language, then, are the dual focuses of process analysis.Each demands three levels of study t he first, contextual, places the text within its own time the second, rhetorical, examines narrator/narratee contracts and the ways in which the text may play with cultural significances the third, retrospective, searches for traces of changing consciousness, building blocks for an ideologically self-conscious literary history. Together, they offer a paradigm that produces evaluative as well as investigate questions (59). BACK 13. Such studies, in addition to Harriss, include Cathy N. Davidsons Introduction to her edition of Susanna Rowsons Charlotte Temple, and Jane Tompkinss study of Uncle Toms Cabin in her book, Sensational Designs. Much contemporary feminist criticism similarly engages issues of cultural definitions and determinations of gender roles. BACK 14.Critics inevitably mention Thoreau in their analyses of Rural Hours, but they mention his text as a benchmark, as a starting-off point (see Cunningham 341, Jones xxxvii, Norwood 26, and Patterson 2). It is very interesting that Thoreaus text is used to describe Coopers when Coopers text preceded his, and her text sold well, whereas his did not. BACK 15. For such examinations, see Cunningham and Maddox. Cunninghams essay is the older of these two (published in 1944), and celebrates Coopers prominence in Cooperstown while expressing frustration with Coopers failure to face the obligations of her endowment fund (348). Cunningham speculates on reasons why Coopers Rural Hours was not followed up with more book-length writings, and suggests that neither her immediate family circle nor the century into which she was born gave a woman freedom to develop creative talents (349-50).Coopers family kept a very strict hold on both her personal and business affairs, and family duties perhaps curtailed her writing. Maddoxs study, which appeared in 1988, states that the strongest theme in Coopers writing is the American womans duty as inheritor and guardian of a legacy left by pioneering males. cleaning lady is keepe r of nature, maintainer of harmony and balance between nature and culture, and it is womans responsibility to ensure the harmony between the domestic and outer realms. BACK 16. Norwood bases her reading largely on Lucy B. Maddoxs study and focuses on similar motifs in her reading of Coopers text. BACK 17. Norwood ascribe Mary Kelley with this phrase (Norwood 27). BACK 18. Norwoods tone and overall reading of Coopers text perplex me, as will become clear in this paper.On this particular point, for instance, Norwood explains Coopers conjoining of home and nature in a disparaging comment So, parasol in hand, Susan Cooper sallied forth from her domestic hearth to the gardens and woods of her home to speak to all Americans about their native land, in a voice immingle lessons from the womans sphere with knowledge garnered from the scientist-naturalists whose company she kept and books she read (30, emphasis added). Norwood writes to praise Coopers text, but moments like this one seem t o belittle Coopers position and purpose. Furthermore, Cooper did not merely parrot the books she read and the naturalists with whom she spent time in fact, many of Coopers references to other naturalists serve to correct their mistakes and to challenge their previous findings. Finally, Norwood overlooks many of the complexities in Coopers text, and perhaps too willingly accepts Lucy B. Maddoxs views of Coopers text. BACK 19. This remarkably generous quality of the natural world is, I will argue, a recurring theme in Rural Hours. BACK 20.I will return to this theme in Coopers text later in this paper. BACK 21. The publishing business at this time emphasizedCoopers status as a lady in their first editions of the book Cooper was not named as author, but rather Rural Hours was By a Lady. Norwood considers the implications of the authors anonymity (Norwood 27). BACK 22. Hans Huth offers an insightful reading of the role of national identity in writings of this period. BACK 23. Pamela Reg is asserts a tradition of works and writers that comprise this literature of place genre. call her Describing early America Bartram, Jefferson, Crevecoeur, and the Rhetoric of raw(a) memorial (xii). BACK 24. William Cronons study of the ecology of colonial New England confirms many of Coopers observations regarding plant life and also supports and provides reasons for some of her concerns regarding deforestation practices in nineteenth-century America.Cronons text is an interesting compliment to Coopers first-hand depiction of the imperiled landscape. BACK 25. I cannot help but believe that Cooper intentionally placed this overt cultural criticism late in the book. Readers became engaged with her text, enticed by her lady-like view of Otsego Lake and its community, drawn in by her trifling observations and records of little events, and then Cooper subtly weaves in her threads of cultural criticism, hidden, as it were, between the plants, birds, and trees. Her society could easil y overlook any questionable criticisms Cooper made because they were so buried in Coopers text. BACK 26. Cronon also investigates the rapid deforestation occurring at this time in his Changes in the Land (pp. 108-126). BACK 27. Cooper experiences a similar desire for a return to an earlier, wilder state of the land in her essay, A Dissolving View.In a fantasy, her view of a rolling, but populated, landscape dissolves into wilderness replete with forests. Finally, though, the breakup view of her title is implicitly, of course, the dissolving wilderness. In a particularly direct passage, Cooper asserts Indeed it would seem as if man had no sooner mastered the art of architecture, than he aimed at rivalling the dignity and durability of the works of nature which served as his models (84). BACK 28. Cooper clearly supports the indigenous cultures however, she also reinforces the white mans duty in educating and civilizing them. This general fertility, this intermingle of the fields of man and his tillage with the woods, the great husbandry of Providence, gives a fine character to the country, which it could not claim when the lonely savage roamed through forested valleys. . . (224).Later, she states, The time seems to have come at last when their own look are opening to the real good of civilization, the advantages of knowledge, the blessings of Christianity (181-82). BACK 29. This devotion to God and his creation also, I believe, helps explain Coopers distance from the natural world. She admires the creation, but has no need to participate in the creation of the world. She seeks only to preserve the work of God, to thank him for his giving to her despite our. . .unworthiness (72). BACK 30. See Tichi for an exploration of many documents from early America, including sermons and letters, that share this view of the continent. BACK 31. This is Pattersons phrase for Coopers conception of a relationship between human culture and the natural world.BACK reverses Cite dBaym, Nina. Womans Fiction A Guide to Novels by and about Women in America, 1820-1870. 2nd. ed. sugar University of Illinois Press, 1993. Cameron, Sharon. Writing Nature Henry Thoreaus Journal. Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1985. Cooper, Susan Fenimore. A Dissolving View. in The Home Book of the Picturesque Or American Scenery, Art, and Literature. Introduction by Motley F. Deakin. Gainesville Scholars Facsimiles & Reprints, 1967. (Facsimile Reproduction) pp. 79- 94. -. Rural Hours. New York Putnam, 1850.Cronon, William. Changes in the Land Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England. New York hammock and Wang, 1983. Cunningham, Anna K. Susan Fenimore Cooper Child of Genius. New York History 25 (July 1944) 339-350.Davidson, Cathy N., ed. Introduction to Susanna Rowsons Charlotte Temple. New York Oxford University Press, 1986. -. Revolution and the Word The Rise of the Novel in America. New York Oxford U.P., 1986. Emerson, Ralph Waldo. Nature. in Ralph Waldo Emerson s Essays and Lectures, ed. Joel Porte. New York Library of America, 1983. Fuller, Margaret. Woman in the Nineteenth Century. Withan Introduction by Bernard Rosenthal. New York W.W. Norton & Co., 1971. Harris, Susan K. But is it any good? Evaluating Nineteenth-Century American Womens Fiction American Literature 631 (March 1991) 43-61. Huth, Hans. Nature and the American Mind iii Centuries of Changing Attitudes. Berkeley University of California Press, 1957. Jones, David. Introduction to Rural Hours by Susan Fenimore Cooper. siege of Syracuse Syracuse U.P., 1968. xi-xxxviii. Kolodny, Annette. The Land Before Her Fantasy and Experience of the American Frontier, 1630-1860. Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press, 1984. -. The Lay of the Land Metaphor as Experience and History in American Life and Letters. Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press, 1975. Maddox, Lucy B. Susan Fenimore Cooper and the Plain Daughters of America. American Quarterly 402 (1988) 131-146. Norwood, Vera. Made From this Earth American Women and Nature. Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press, 1993. Patterson, Daniel. Susan Fenimore Coopers Rural Hours and American Nature Writing. Delivered at the American Literature Associations Symposium on American Women Writers, San Antonio, Texas, October 1, 1993. Northern Illinois Press, 1992. Regis, Pamela. Describing Early America Bartram, Jefferson, Crevecoeur, and the Rhetoric of Natural History.Dekalb Northern Illinois Press, 1992. Rosenthal, Bernard. City of Nature Journeys to Nature in the Age of American Romanticism. Newark University of Delaware Press, 1980. Slovic, Scott. Seeking Awareness in American Nature Writing Henry David Thoreau, Annie Dillard, Edward Addey, Wendell Berry, Barry Lopez. Salt Lake City University of Utah Press, 1992. 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